The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial capitalism: a fundamental cause of novel coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic inequities in the United States.
Open accessAbstract
Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Based on broader research within the sociology of mental health – which does take up this issue – the patterns are likely to be complex and again not distillable to individual experiences with discrimination or prejudice (McLeod, 2015; Williams et al., 2019; Laster Pirtle, 2020).”
From The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention (2021) · cites this paper as Laster Pirtle, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626958 · Cited by 5,722
Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition
Robinson, C. J. (1985) · Labour / Le Travail · doi:10.2307/25142575 · Cited by 5,171
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
Hauhart, R. C. (2011) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306111419111 · Cited by 2,743
Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (1995) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/rpln-eiwa · Cited by 2,684
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383498 · Cited by 2,533
The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America
Pattillo, M. E. (2018) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306118792220ll · Cited by 2,263
Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. L. (2012) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198111418634 · Cited by 1,394
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES: Old Issues, New Directions
Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x11000130 · Cited by 1,388
Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?
Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305 · Cited by 1,363
Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism
Pulido, L. (2016) · Capitalism Nature Socialism · doi:10.1080/10455752.2016.1213013 · Cited by 639
Lutfey, K., & Freese, J. (2005) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/428914 · Cited by 425
Racial and Spatial Relations as Fundamental Determinants of Health in Detroit
Schulz, A. J., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., & Lempert, L. B. (2002) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.00028 · Cited by 361
Clarno, A. (2016) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226430126.001.0001 · Cited by 221
Against Teleology in the Study of Race: Toward the Abolition of the Progress Paradigm
Seamster, L., & Ray, V. E. (2018) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275118813614 · Cited by 192
Systems of Power, Axes of Inequity
Jones, C. P. (2014) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000216 · Cited by 138
The Racism-Race Reification Process
Sewell, A. A. (2016) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649215626936 · Cited by 137
Angry, Scared, and Unsure: Mental Health Consequences of Contaminated Water in Flint, Michigan
Cuthbertson, C. A., Newkirk, C., Ilardo, J. L., Loveridge, S., & Skidmore, M. L. (2016) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0089-y · Cited by 116
Social and Built Environmental Correlates of Predicted Blood Lead Levels in the Flint Water Crisis
Sadler, R. C., LaChance, J., & Hanna‐Attisha, M. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303692 · Cited by 100
Ansell, D. A. (2016) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226428291.001.0001 · Cited by 34
Building a Social Justice Narrative for Public Health
Wallack, L. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119867123 · Cited by 21
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Goh J. X. (2020). Perceived vulnerability to disease predicts restrictive policy supports in response to the 2019-nCoV (“Wuhan Virus”) outbreak. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/52bw4/
- Johnson W. (Ed.). (2017). Race, capitalism, justice forum 1. Boston Review. https://bostonreview.net/forum-i
- National Medical Association, 2015, National Medical Association 113th Annual Convention and Scientific Assembly, Family Medicine Section
- Witsil F. (2020, April 2). Driver who said woman coughed on his bus has died of coronavirus. Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/04/02/detroit-bus-drivers-dead-covid-19/5115450002/
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on urban park visitation: a global analysis
Geng, D. C., Innes, J. L., Wu, W., & Wang, G. (2020) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-020-01249-w · Cited by 572
Collaborative, T. O., Mathur, R., Rentsch, C. T., Morton, C. E., Hulme, W. J., Schultze, A., MacKenna, B., Eggo, R. M., Bhaskaran, K., Wong, A. Y. S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00634-6 · Cited by 477
COVID-19 School Closure-Related Changes to the Professional Life of a K–12 Teacher
Kaden, U. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10060165 · Cited by 543
Measuring structural racism: a guide for epidemiologists and other health researchers
Adkins-Jackson, P. B., Chantarat, T., Bailey, Z. D., & Ponce, N. A. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab239 · Cited by 417
García, M. A., Homan, P., García, C., & Brown, T. H. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa114 · Cited by 381
Metadata
- Authors
- Laster Pirtle, W. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Venue
- Health Education & Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-04-26
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 504-508
- ISSN
- 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6127
- PMC
- PMC7301291
- OpenAlex
- W3019091879
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 163.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- racial capitalism, COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, racial disparities in mortality, African Americans, Detroit, racial residential segregation, homelessness, medical bias, social determinants of health, health equity, structural racism
- MeSH terms
- Health Equity, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Michigan, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Capitalism, Health Status Disparities, Pandemics, Racism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
