Language models for the prediction of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for computational tools to automate and accelerate drug design for novel protein targets. We leverage deep learning language models to generate and score drug candidates based on predicted protein binding affinity. We pre-trained a deep learning language model (BERT) on ∼9.6 billion molecules and achieved peak performance of 603 petaflops in mixed precision. Our work reduces pre-training time from days to hours, compared to previous efforts with this architecture, while also increasing the dataset size by nearly an order of magnitude. For scoring, we fine-tuned the language model using an assembled set of thousands of protein targets with binding affinity data and searched for inhibitors of specific protein targets, SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro. We utilized a genetic algorithm approach for finding optimal candidates using the generation and scoring capabilities of the language model. Our generalizable models accelerate the identification of inhibitors for emerging therapeutic targets.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 66 · Cited by 30
- Authors
- Blanchard, A. E., Gounley, J., Bhowmik, D., Chandra Shekar, M., Lyngaas, I., Gao, S., Yin, J., Tsaris, A., Wang, F., & Glaser, J.
- Affiliations
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Corresponding author
- Blanchard, Andrew E
- ORCID
- Venue
- The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-10-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 587-602
- ISSN
- 0890-2720 (ISSN-L)
- 1094-3420
- 1741-2846
- PMC
- PMC9548488
- OpenAlex
- W4303478269
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (39KJ95010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
- Keywords
- BERT, main protease, papain-like protease, genetic algorithm, high-performance computing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review