Cited by 123HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsLGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

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Stigma, Concealment and Symptoms of Depression as Explanations for Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay Men

Frost, David M., Parsons, Jeffrey T., Nanín, José E.·2007·Journal of Health Psychology

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Abstract

This study examined how perceived sociocultural factors influenced the relationship between psychosocial variables and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay men. A cross-sectional brief street-intercept survey was administered to 594 gay men. Analyses examined how well stigma, concealment and symptoms of depression explained variation in participants' histories of STIs. Results suggested that concealment partially mediated the relationship between stigma and depression and depression partially mediated the relationship between concealment and STIs. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, symptoms of depression explained more varied histories of STIs; however, concealment was negatively related to STIs. Implications for STI and HIV interventions are discussed.

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10.1037/0278-6133.15.4.243 · DOI
Frost, D.M., Journal of LGBT Youth, 5
Goffman, E., 1963, Stigma
Tider, D.S., 2005, AIDS, 16, 707

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“…McKirnan and Peterson 1989; Stall et al. 2001; Stall and Purcell 2000), depression and HIV/AIDS (Sandfort et al. 2001; Ciesla and Roberts 2001; Frost, Parsons, and Nanin 2007), childhood sexual abuse and HIV/AIDS (Dilorio, Hartwell and Hansen 2002), and violence and HIV/ AIDS (Greenwood et…”
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Race-based differentials in the impact of mental health and stigma on HIV risk among young men who have sex with men.
Lelutiu‐Weinberger, C., Gamarel, K. E., Golub, S. A., & Parsons, J. T. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000192 · Cited by 25
“The Gay-Related Stigma Scale (GRS; Frost et al., 2007) is a modified version of the HIV Stigma Scale (Berger et al., 2001).”
Background
Identity-Related Growth and Loss in a Sample of HIV-Positive Gay and Bisexual Men: Initial Scale Development and Psychometric Evaluation
Golub, S. A., Rendina, H. J., & Gamarel, K. E. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0338-3 · Cited by 20
“Participants completed the 10-item Personalized GayRelated Stigma Subscale [39] to examine stigma and other social consequences gay and bisexual men have faced as a result of their sexual orientation.”
Internalized Homophobia Influences Perceptions of Men’s Sexual Orientation from Photos of Their Faces
Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0628-8 · Cited by 20
Age-related factors influence HIV testing within subpopulations: a cross-sectional survey of MSM within the Celtic nations
Dalrymple, J., McAloney‐Kocaman, K., Flowers, P., McDaid, L. M., & Frankis, J. S. (2019) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053935 · Cited by 18
“[20, 24] The personalised Stigma Scale comprising 24 questions measured men’s ‘awareness of social attitudes about gay people’ and their perceptions of ‘the potential social consequences related to being gay’.[20, 25] The dataset excluded the 225 men who believed themselves to have HIV, due to the research question fo…”
Background
Psychological Symptoms Are Associated with Both Abstinence and Risky Sex Among Men with HIV
Miller, C. T., Solomon, S. E., Bunn, J. Y., Varni, S. E., & Hodge, J. J. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0464-2 · Cited by 17
“…for men with HIV to include components that are designed not only to reduce risky sex, but alsotoaddresspsychologicalsymptomsandsupportbehaviors to effectively cope with HIV discrimination (Cook, Purdie-Vaughns, Meyer, & Busch, 2014; Frost et al., 2007; Safren, Blashill, & O’Cleirigh, 2011).”
Background
Mental health, potential minority stressors and resilience: evidence from a cross-sectional survey of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men within the Celtic nations
McGarty, A. M., McDaid, L. M., Flowers, P., Riddell, J., Pachankis, J. E., & Frankis, J. S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12030-x · Cited by 16
“The Gay-Related Stigma Scale, a 20-item adaptation of the HIV stigma scale [21, 22], measures personalised stigma and concealment stigma (range 0– 80), with higher scores suggesting higher gay-related stigma.”
Method
Sexual fluidity and BMI, obesity, and physical activity
Fricke, J., & Sironi, M. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100620 · Cited by 18
Examining the Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Goodman, S. H., Grosso, A., Ketende, S. C., Ouedraogo, H. G., Kouanda, S., Ky‐Zerbo, O., Samadoulougou, B. C., & Baral, S. (2016) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000437 · Cited by 14
Responding to gender and sexual minority stress with functional analytic psychotherapy.
Skinta, M. D., Hoeflein, B., Muñoz-Martínez, A., & Rincon, C. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000157 · Cited by 18
Role of Social Support in the Relationship between Sexually Transmitted Infection and Depression among Young Women in Canada
Gao, Y., MacDonald, D., Collins, K. D., Alaghehbandan, R., & Chen, Y. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20090133 · Cited by 14
A Structured Review and Critical Analysis of Male Perceptions of the Penis: A Comparison between Heterosexual Men and Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
Simpson, P., & Adams, J. (2017) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x17715054 · Cited by 13
Associations Between Social Support Network Characteristics and Receipt of Emotional and Material Support Among a Sample of Male Sexual Minority Youths
Kapadia, F., Halkitis, P. N., Barton, S. C., Siconolfi, D. E., & Pérez‐Figueroa, R. (2014) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2014.924458 · Cited by 13
The role of STI-related attitudes on screening attendance in young adults
Shepherd, L., & Harwood, H. (2016) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1234715 · Cited by 12
Falling through the cracks: the gap between evidence and policy in responding to depression in gay, lesbian and other homosexually active people in Australia
Carman, M., Corboz, J., & Dowsett, G. W. (2012) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00828.x · Cited by 12
“Some studies found that sexual risk was not associated with depressive symptoms, while others suggest a connection.(13,24,30)”
Background
Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Prevention Among Sexual Minority Men: Protocol for a Prospective Mixed Methods Cohort Study
Storholm, E. D., Siconolfi, D. E., Wagner, G., Huang, W.-J., Nacht, C. L., Sallabank, G., Felner, J. K., Wolf, J., Lee, S. D., & Stephenson, R. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/41453 · Cited by 10
Recent anxiety symptoms and drug use associated with sexually transmitted infection diagnosis among an online US sample of men who have sex with men
Downing, M. J., Chiasson, M. A., & Hirshfield, S. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315587135 · Cited by 10
“…other than HIV remains largely unexplored among MSM. Limited evidence from studies conducted in the United States suggest that depression and certain anxiety disorders are associated with a lifetime (Frost et al., 2007; Shoptaw et al., 2003) or recent STI diagnosis among MSM (Reisner et al., 2009).”
Background
Concealment as a moderator of anticipated stigma and psychiatric symptoms
Brooks, B. D., Job, S. A., Clark, E. A., Todd, E., & Williams, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1721037 · Cited by 10
“significant relationship between concealment and depressive symptoms (Frost et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResult
Perceived social support and mental health states in a clinic-based sample of older HIV positive adults
Kapadia, F., Lévy, M. D., Griffin-Tomas, M., Greene, R. E., Halkitis, S. N., Urbina, A., & Halkitis, P. N. (2016) · Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services · doi:10.1080/15381501.2016.1212295 · Cited by 8
Mental Health and Associated Sexual Health Behaviours in a Sample of Young People Attending a Music Festival in Melbourne, Victoria
Carrotte, E. R., Vella, A. M., Hellard, M. E., & Lim, M. S. C. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9981-2 · Cited by 6
“Among young people who identify as a sexual minority (including those identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, intersex, or queer), factors such as stigma, concealment of sexual orientation and homophobic bullying can interact and influence the relationship between mental illness and sexual risk behaviours…”
Background
Applying resilience theory models to contextualize economic-dependent partnerships as a risk factor for HIV among young men who have sex with men
Meanley, S., Tingler, R. C., Chittamuru, D., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1493185 · Cited by 6
Factors Associated with Disclosure of Sexual Orientation Among Black Sexual Minority Men
Berman, M., Eaton, L. A., Watson, R. J., Earnshaw, V. A., Wiginton, J. M., & Layland, E. K. (2022) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2021.0446 · Cited by 6
Sexual Orientation Concealment, Hope, and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Women: The Moderating Role of Sexual Orientation
Glynn, S. A., McLaren, S., & Goldie, P. D. (2023) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2023.2250500 · Cited by 7
“…of research has found that concealment is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and indexes of well-being such as depression, low levels of life satisfaction (Frost et al., 2007; Jackson & Mohr, 2016), anxiety (Schrimshaw et al., 2013), and diminished social support (Ullrich et al., 2003).”
The Burden of Care of Gay Male Carers Caring for Men Living With HIV/AIDS
Munro, I., & Edward, K. (2009) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988309331795 · Cited by 6
Factors Influencing Stigma to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Among Teenagers at Ngaran Village, Gamping, Sleman, Indonesia
Astuti, D. A., & Kurniati, N. (2018) · GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) · doi:10.35898/ghmj-22192 · Cited by 6
“By the socio-cultural factor in the society, a gay man might be seen as a source of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men [9].”
Background
Internalized Homophobia, Psychological Distress, and Resilience as Correlates of Substance Use During Sexual Encounters in Young Adult Black Men who have Sex with Men
Boone, M. R. (2014) · doi:10.7916/d89k48t8 · Cited by 4
The Double Bind of Communicating About Zoonotic Origins: Describing Exotic Animal Sources of COVID‐19 Increases Both Healthy and Discriminatory Avoidance Intentions
LaCour, M., Hughes, B., Goldwater, M. B., Ireland, M. E., Worthy, D. A., Allen, J. V., Gaylord, N., Van‐Hoosier, G., & Davis, T. H. (2021) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13764 · Cited by 5
Differences in substance use, sexual behavior, and demographic factors by levels of ‘outness’ to friends and family about being a male-for-male escort
Grov, C., Moody, R. L., & Kinkaid, H. (2015) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2015.1034396 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with the literature on disclosure and health (Frost et al., 2007; Kadushin, 2000; Legate et al., 2011), we hypothesized that outness would be negatively associated with depression, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors.”
Ageing and Sexual Health in the UK
Hinchliff, S. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308101673 · Cited by 5
Relationship, Social, and Individual Well-Being in Italian Male Same-Sex Couples
Antonelli, P., & Dèttore, D. (2014) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2014.926231 · Cited by 4
The Mediating Effect of Post-Traumatic Growth on the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Distress in Adults
Caetano, S., & Pereira, H. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13050262 · Cited by 4
Отношение к гомосексуалам в России: содержание, структура и предикторы
Gulevich, O. A., Осин, Е. Н., Isaenko, N. A., & Brainis, L. M. (2016) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2016-1-79-110 · Cited by 3

Authors: Frost, D. M., Parsons, J. T., & Nanín, J. E.
Affiliations: The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
City University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Parsons, Jeffrey T.
ORCID: Frost, David M.
Parsons, Jeffrey T.
Venue: Journal of Health Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-07
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 636-640
ISSN: 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
1461-7277
DOI: 10.1177/1359105307078170
OpenAlex: W1963645227
Cited by: 123
References: 18
Citations by year: 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 2.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: sexually transmitted infections, gay men, stigma, concealment, depression, HIV, psychosocial risk factors, mediation, sociocultural factors, HIV prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Data Collection, Depression, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Prejudice, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Truth Disclosure, Homosexuality, Male

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Stigma, Concealment and Symptoms of Depression as Explanations for Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay Men

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