The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 68 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A positive affect intervention for people experiencing health-related stress: Development and non-randomized pilot test
Open accessAbstract
In this article we present background, theoretical rationale, and pilot data on the development of an intervention designed to increase positive affect in people living with serious health-related stress. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a multiple-component positive affect intervention is feasible and acceptable for people newly diagnosed with HIV. Retention in the intervention and adherence to home practice were high. Participants reported significant increases in positive affect and significant decreases in negative affect. This positive affect intervention can serve as a template for programs to be developed to help people experiencing health-related and other types of life stress.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This proof-of-concept paper describes the development and non-randomized pilot test of a multiple-component positive affect intervention for people newly diagnosed with HIV. The intervention was feasible and acceptable, with high retention and home-practice adherence, and participants showed significant increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect.
Key findings
- Retention was high: 9 of 11 participants completed the entire 10-week study (81.8% retention). Home-practice adherence averaged 5.4 days per week across weeks and tasks, ranging from 4.1 days/week for mindful breath awareness to 6.6 days/week for personal strengths.
- From pre-intervention to the first follow-up, positive affect increased by a mean of 3.9 points (p = .016) and negative affect decreased by 5.1 points (p = .016), compared with changes of +1.2 and −0.35, respectively, in a no-treatment historical comparison dataset. Pre-intervention to second follow-up effect sizes were Cohen’s d = 1.14 for positive affect and 1.98 for negative affect.
- Overall mindfulness did not change significantly, but the nonreactivity subscale increased significantly at immediate post-intervention, while the nonjudgment subscale dropped significantly at the second follow-up. At 4-week follow-up, 6 of 9 participants reported practicing at least one skill daily; the most frequently practiced skill was noting positive events (2–3 times per week), and the least frequent was informal mindfulness (just under once per week).
- Acceptability ratings were high: average likelihood of recommending the program to a friend was 8.6 out of 10, and to someone just testing positive for HIV was 9.5 out of 10 (7 of 9 participants said 10).
Methods
- The intervention was based on revised Stress and Coping Theory and Broaden-and-Build theory and taught 8 skills across 5 weekly one-on-one sessions lasting approximately 45–60 minutes, with home practice and a workbook.
- The pilot enrolled 11 people newly diagnosed with HIV within the previous 4 months (actual range 1–14; average 8.5 weeks prior to screening, range 3–15 weeks). Nine were men, two were women; average age was 38. Participants were recruited through HIV clinics and community sites in the San Francisco Bay Area between October and December 2007.
- Positive and negative affect were assessed with a modified Differential Emotions Scale at week 1, one week after intervention completion, and by phone four weeks later; mindfulness was assessed with items from the Five Factor Mindfulness Scale. Main analyses used paired t-tests, with a no-treatment historical comparison group from a prior observational study in the same lab.
Limitations
- The paper states that this was a formative, proof-of-concept pilot with no control group and a small sample; it also states that future work should examine which intervention components are most effective and for whom, analyze which types of positive affect change, and explore group or self-administered formats.
- The text makes evident that the design was non-randomized, the comparison was a historical no-treatment dataset rather than a randomized control, and complete post-intervention data were available for only n = 9 participants.
- The text also makes evident reliance on self-report measures, a short follow-up period, and a sample that was predominantly men, which limits generalizability.
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Claims the paper makes
44 Not checked yet · 29 Own result · 4 Own method · 3 No basis given · 2 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Retention in the intervention and adherence to home practice were high.”
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
“Eleven participants were recruited into the intervention and nine completed the entire 10 weeks of the study (81.8% retention).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Abstract
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported significant increases in positive affect and significant decreases in negative affect.”
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
“Intervention participants’ DES-negative scores decreased by 5.1 points (p = .016)”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Abstract
plainn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported significant increases in positive affect and significant decreases in negative affect.”
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
“The mean increase in total positive affect was 3.9 points (p = .016).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Abstract
plaindirectn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Retention in the intervention and adherence to home practice were high.”
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
“Across weeks and homework tasks, the average number of days per week that the participants reported completing homework was 5.4, with a range from 4.1 days per week for the mindful breath awareness practice to 6.6 days per week for personal strengths.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Abstract
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Method · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Retention rates were high and compliance with home practice was good.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This feasibility or proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a multiple-component positive affect intervention is feasible for people newly diagnosed with a life-changing physical illness.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The feedback from participants was also very positive”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average response for recommending to a friend was 8.6 out of 10”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that they would recommend the intervention for other people newly diagnosed with HIV.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We succeeded in conveying the value of positive emotion skills in a way that people dealing with serious negative events were able not just to understand, but to embrace.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the mindfulness subscales, nonreactivity increased significantly at the immediate post-intervention assessment, but nonjudgment dropped significantly at the second follow up session.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither DES-positive nor DES-negative changed significantly from the first to the second (30 day) follow-up assessments.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the average for recommending the intervention to someone just testing positive with HIV was 9.5 (7 of 9 participants said 10).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least frequently practiced skill was informal mindfulness, at just under once per week.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six of the nine participants reported practicing at least one of the skills daily.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More generally, however, the responses were positive:”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven of 12 eligible people who were screened chose to enroll in the study.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were changes in the overall mindfulness score over the course of the pilot study but they were not significant.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most frequently practiced skill was noting positive events, averaging 2–3 times per week.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These coping processes result in positive affect, which serves important coping functions: Positive affect provides a psychological “time-out” from the distress associated with chronic stress and it helps motivate and sustain ongoing efforts to cope with the negative effects of the chronic stress.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Theoretical Foundation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folkman, 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A growing body of research and theory suggests that addressing chronic stress only in terms of the negative affect it evokes is too narrow and that positive affect may play a critical part in the maintenance of psychological and physical well-being (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to the narrowing of attention and specific actions tendencies associated with negative affect, positive affect broadens the individual’s attentional focus (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005; Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2007; Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006) and behavioral repertoire (Cunningham, 1988; Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Theoretical Foundation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the “Broaden-and-Build” model (Fredrickson, 1998) the “broadening” function of positive affect enables the individual to see beyond the immediate stressor and possibly come up with creative alternative solutions to problems.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Theoretical Foundation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Our decision to include noticing positive events (Skill 1) was based on our prior research with people caring for a partner with AIDS, which indicated that people experience positive events even in the midst of severe stress, and noting these events may help them cope with the stress (Folkman, Moskowitz, Ozer, & Park, 1997).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folkman, Moskowitz, Ozer, & Park, 1997
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a multiple-component positive affect intervention is feasible and acceptable for people newly diagnosed with HIV.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Altruistic behavior may lead to positive affect because it provides a sense of self-efficacy, increases self-esteem, or provides a distraction from one’s own problems (Penner, Dovidio, Piliavin, & Schroeder, 2005).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Penner, Dovidio, Piliavin, & Schroeder, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reed and Aspinwall (1998) found that women who were given the opportunity to affirm a positive aspect of themselves were more receptive to information about a serious disease risk, and retained more of the information over the following week.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reed & Aspinwall, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mindfulness is thought to allow people to tolerate and reflect on strong emotions rather than responding impulsively (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Lyubormirsky et al. (2005) report preliminary data that engaging in five acts of kindness per week for six weeks increased positive affect in students, especially if they engaged in a five activities on a single day each week (rather than one per day).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyubormirsky et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness can effectively be taught, and brief, secular mindfulness meditation training has been found to increase positive affect, both in self-reports (Grossman, Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, Raysz, & Kesper, 2007; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007) and in measures of cortical activation (Davidson et al., 2003).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, Raysz, & Kesper, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reappraisal is a cognitive technique and it has been taught in several therapeutic interventions for people with serious physical illness (e.g., Antoni, Carver, & Lechner, 2008; M. Chesney, Chambers, Taylor, Johnson, & Folkman, 2003; Chesney, Folkman, & Chambers, 1996; Bova, Burwick, & Quinones, 2008).”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Development > Intervention Content
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antoni, Carver, & Lechner, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Chesney, Chambers, Taylor, Johnson, & Folkman, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Chesney, Folkman, & Chambers, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HIV status and date of diagnosis were verified with the referring clinic or provider.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive and negative affect were assessed at week 1, and at an in-person session one week after the completion of the intervention (Follow-up 1) and by phone four weeks after that (Follow-up 2) using a version of the Differential Emotions Scale (DES) modified by Fredrickson et al. (2003) to include additional positive affect words. Reliabilities for both positive and negative affect were”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People newly diagnosed with HIV face significant challenges, including the need to interact with a complex health care system; constraints on sexual behavior; the need for disclosure of serostatus to friends, family, and sexual partners; stigma; and, in many cases, a struggle to come to terms with a new identity as someone with HIV (Hult, Maurer, & Moskowitz, 2009; Moskowitz, Wrubel, Hult, Maurer,”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hult, Maurer, & Moskowitz, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Moskowitz, Wrubel, Hult, Maurer, & Stephens, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent observational study in our lab (Moskowitz, 2008) administered the same affective outcome measures to individuals from the same population starting shortly after HIV diagnosis and continuing on a similar follow-up schedule. We include their data as a no-treatment historical comparison group”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moskowitz, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The modified DES has shown acceptable validity in terms of agreement with other affect measures and change in response to intervention (Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008)”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-report mindfulness was assessed at the start of the first intervention session, and at the follow-up sessions with items from the Five Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006). Reliability of the scale was α = .86.”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Intervention Pilot Test > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis showed no relation between the length of class time and effect sizes in published trials of MBSR (Carmody & Baer, 2009)”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carmody & Baer, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our focus on positive affect is consistent with a strengths-based, client centered approach (Corcoran, 2005)”
§ A Positive Affect Intervention for People Experiencing Health-Related Stress: Development and Non-randomized Pilot Test > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corcoran, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are few empirically-supported programs that explicitly focus on skills for producing positive affect.
“but there are few empirically-supported programs that explicitly focus on skills for producing positive affect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
None of the existing depression interventions for people living with HIV has targeted those newly diagnosed with HIV.
“none has targeted those who were newly diagnosed with HIV”
The paper relies on this without support.
None of the existing depression interventions for people living with HIV has explicitly targeted positive affect.
“none has explicitly targeted positive affect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical comparison group represents the affective trajectory participants would likely have followed without any intervention.
“representing the affective trajectory our participants would likely have followed without any intervention.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Teaching both formal and informal mindfulness early in the intervention would allow participants to better retain and practice the other skills.
“It was our belief that by teaching both formal mindfulness (meditation) and informal mindfulness (mindfulness of the events of daily life) early in the intervention, participants could utilize this skill to better retain and practice the other skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
High levels of stress, distress, and depression are documented in people living with serious physical illness.
“given the high levels of stress, distress, and depression documented in people living with serious physical illness”
The paper relies on this without support.
The intervention does not require that a package of skills be practiced together to maximize beneficial effects.
“the intervention does not consist of a package of skills that must be practiced together to maximize the beneficial effects.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although some evidence suggests that integrated, multi-session PAIs may be beneficial for individuals with mild-to-moderate depression68 or other health-related conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease69, suicide70, and HIV71)”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“PP-based exercises do not require high educational attainment or significant time commitment, and they have been enjoyable for patients (and completed at high rates) in diverse medical cohorts [42, 53].”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“PP programs have also been found to improve psychological and health outcomes in individuals with chronic medical conditions such as heart disease, hypertension, and HIV [26–31].”
From Well-being interventions for individuals with diabetes: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · cited 1×
“Mindfulness is defined as ‘the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally’ (Kabat-Zinn, 2003: 145).”
BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 1×
“Self-report mindfulness was assessed at the start of the first intervention session, and at the follow-up sessions with items from the Five Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006).”
MethodWhat good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066 · cited 3×
“Intervention development Theoretical foundation The intervention presented here is based on revised Stress and Coping Theory (Folkman, 1997, 2008) and the Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotion (Fredrickson, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodKahn, R. L. (1998) · Cited by 4,295
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377 · Cited by 3,826 · cited 1×
“There is evidence that keeping a regular journal of things you are grateful for is associated with higher levels of positive affect (Emmons and McCullough, 2003).”
BackgroundMindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654 · cited 1×
“Mindfulness is thought to allow people to tolerate and reflect on strong emotions rather than responding impulsively (Brown et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPositive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000238 · Cited by 3,521 · cited 2×
“…of attention and specific actions tendencies associated with negative affect, positive affect broadens the individual’s attentional focus (Fredrickson and Branigan, 2005; Rowe et al., 2007; Wadlinger and Isaacowitz, 2006) and behavioral repertoire (Cunningham, 1988; Fredrickson and Branigan, 2005).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Emmons RA, 1986, Paper presented at the American Psychological Association
- Fordyce MW, 1981, The Psychology of Happiness: Fourteen Fundamentals
- Moskowitz JT, 2008, Paper presented at the American Psychosomatic Society
- Ostrow DG, 1989, AIDS Education & Prevention, 1, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
If, Why, and When Subjective Well‐Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research
Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J. F., & Delgadillo‐Chase, D. (2017) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12090 · Cited by 816
Cohn, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.508883 · Cited by 336
Self-citationGreer, S., Ramo, D., Chang, Y.-J., Fu, M., Moskowitz, J., & Haritatos, J. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15018 · Cited by 265
“Rationale for inclusion of each of the positive emotion skills is provided elsewhere [38].”
Self-citationThe Role of Positive Affect in Pain and Its Treatment
Finan, P. H., & Garland, E. L. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000092 · Cited by 265
Saslow, L. R., Daubenmier, J. J., Moskowitz, J. T., Kim, S., Murphy, E. J., Phinney, S. D., Ploutz-Snyder, R., Goldman, V., Cox, R. M., Mason, A. E., et al. (2017) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-017-0006-9 · Cited by 241
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Duncan, L. G., Cohn, M. A., Maurer, S., Bussolari, C., & Acree, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-10-21
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 676-692
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- PMC
- PMC3498769
- OpenAlex
- W2007094862
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH093225)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD003696)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K01AT005270, K01 AT005720)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- positive affect, health stress, HIV diagnosis, feasibility, acceptability, intervention retention, negative affect, life events
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Chronic Disease, Feasibility Studies, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Pilot Projects, San Francisco, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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