The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger’s syndrome and their family members
Open accessAbstract
Misunderstandings are social in nature, always having two sides. Yet the misunderstandings experienced by people with Asperger’s syndrome are usually studied in terms of the individual with a diagnosis, with less emphasis on social relations. We use a two-sided methodology to map out misunderstandings within 22 dyads (n = 44) consisting of people with Asperger’s syndrome and their family members. Both sides of the relationship were asked about 12 topics in terms of one’s rating of Self, one’s rating of Other and one’s predicted rating by Other. The findings show that people with Asperger’s are able to predict lower scores from family members, despite disagreeing with their view, and that family members often over-estimate the extent to which their relatives with Asperger’s syndrome are egocentrically anchored in their own perspective. The research demonstrates that a two-sided methodology is viable, and it uses it to identify how representations of Asperger’s syndrome can both support and hinder social understanding within relationships affected by Asperger’s.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A recent study by Heasman and Gillespie (2017) also demonstrated that neurotypical family members tended to underestimate their autistic family member’s perspective-taking ability.”
From Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults (2018) · cites this paper as Heasman and Gillespie (2017)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 · Cited by 7,267
Journal of Consciousness Studies
(2022) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · doi:10.53765/20512201 · Cited by 6,852
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,652
The phenomenology of the social world
Bittner, E., Schutz, A., Walsh, G., & Lehnert, F. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092457 · Cited by 3,588
The Social Construction of What?
Dupré, J., & Hacking, I. (2000) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2678463 · Cited by 3,443
Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community
Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315588200 · Cited by 1,941
Repair After Next Turn: The Last Structurally Provided Defense of Intersubjectivity in Conversation
Schegloff, E. A. (1992) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229903 · Cited by 1,820
Adult outcome for children with autism
Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., & Rutter, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x · Cited by 1,813
Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment.
Nicholas Epley, A., Keysar, B., Leaf Van Boven, A., & Gilovich, T. D. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327 · Cited by 1,316
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 82 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Chell N, 2006, The International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 11, 1348
- Ochs E, 2010, Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 38, 69
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–161 of 161
Non-autistic college students’ responses to the social behavior of autistic peers
Birnschein, A. M., Ward, O. F., Harmon, R. L., McClain, A. B., Rankin, J. A., & Tomeny, T. S. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202647 · Cited by 2
Matyjek, M., Dziobek, I., Hamilton, A. F. D. C., & Wheatley, T. P. (2026) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581251375249 · Cited by 3
AI, autism, and the architecture of voice: from engineered exclusion to designed dignity
Srinivasan, H. (2026) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03044-3 · Cited by 2
Chapple, M., Davis, P. M., Billington, J., & Corcoran, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1001268 · Cited by 2
Theoretical problems with oversimplifying autistic diversity into a single category
Heasman, B., & Parfitt, L. (2023) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12388 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAlhusayni, A., Sheppard, E., & Marsh, L. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0107 · Cited by 2
Dwyer, P. S. R., Sillas, A., Saron, C. D., & Rivera, S. M. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202683 · Cited by 2
Sedgewick, F. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2
Arnold, S. R. C., Higgins, J. M., & Trollor, J. N. (2020) · Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/23297018.2020.1753566 · Cited by 2
Embracing Neurodivergence: Essential considerations in family law practice
Cottingham, M., & Spear, T. (2024) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/fcre.12840 · Cited by 1
Samad, F. D. A., Ismail, W. S. W., Basri, M. A. F. A., Chong, S. K., Tohit, N. M., Nor, N. K., Aun, N. S. M., & Ahmad, M. N. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.1177/2192001x251325879 · Cited by 2
Ghanouni, P., & Trottier-Chi, M. (2025) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1155/mij/5853109 · Cited by 1
Perceived Neurotype of the Other May Affect Self/Other-Representation in Autistic People
Moseley, R., Hung, K., & Sui, J. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251339560 · Cited by 1
MacEvilly, D., & Maguire, K. (2025) · Advances in Communication and Swallowing · doi:10.1177/27725383251397818 · Cited by 1
Wain, D., Williams, G., Charura, D., Hamilton, L., Milton, D. E. M., Wortman, D., & Heasman, B. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70073 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRum, Y., Feldman, N., Genzer, S., Allison, C. L., Golan, O., Perry, A., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2026) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-026-00723-2 · Cited by 1
Demir, F. (2019) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/6434 · Cited by 1
Autistic children's explanations of their own behavior
Henderson, G. (2021) · Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders · doi:10.1558/jircd.20363 · Cited by 1
Asperger writers’ attention and awareness in written production
Zhong, Y. (2025) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2025.2556937 · Cited by 1
Bennett, M., Webster, A. A., Goodall, E., & Rowland, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3359-0_7 · Cited by 1
Schuwerk, T., Bätz, J., Träuble, B., Sodian, B., & Paulus, M. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01223-0 · Cited by 1
Two Types of Conversation: Face-to-Face and Digital
Connolly, P. J. (2020) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Hodgins, V., O’Driscoll, G. A., & Titone, D. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8b65u · Cited by 1
Bolton, M. J., Ault, L. K., & Meigs, S. D. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3jzt5
Video Mediated Communication (VMC) Fluency for Today’s Engineering Student: You’re on Camera
Eggleston, A. G., & Rabb, R. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--38011
Egocentric norm in health‐based decision making of patients on the autistic spectrum
Porter, K., & Foli, K. J. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12763
Zhuang, S., Tan, D. W., Reddrop, S., Dean, L., Maybery, M. T., & Magiati, I. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cgzbu
Meaningful Social Interactions as a Foundation for Affection and Learning for Autistic Individuals
Wachholtz, D., Vidal, V., Latimer, O., & Jiménez, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31709-5_33
Sutherland, H. E. A., Axbey, H., Sharp, M., Ropar, D., Fletcher‐Watson, S., & Crompton, C. J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pt942
Sutherland, H. E. A., Crompton, C. J., Long, J., & Fletcher‐Watson, S. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/kn2wr
Umgang mit dem Unsichtbaren – Neurodiversity-Management in Bibliotheken
Stecker, S., & Albers, M. (2024) · BIBLIOTHEK Forschung und Praxis · doi:10.1515/bfp-2024-0005
Wachholtz, D., Vidal, V., Latimer, O., & Jiménez, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58979-9_33
Enhancing Narrative Writing Abilities by Practicing Mentalization Skills
Schiff, R., Joseph, G., Kahta, S., & Sasson, A. (2024) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2024.2442568 · Cited by 2
Zhang, X., Jiang, T., Zhou, G., Zheng, Y., & Luo, J. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104204
What Autistic-Led Theories Mean for Education
Murray, F., & Friedman, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch001
Structured Coaching Frameworks for Inclusive and Personalized Education
Aberdeen, I. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch012
Miotti, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch002
Kommunikation & inklusive Sprache
Soubiran, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72015-8_3
Soubiran, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72015-8_5
Ooshima, Y. (2025) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-025-09959-8
Weir, E. M., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19905847
What is autistic burnout? And what can you do about it?
Arnold, S. R. C., & Higgins, J. M. (2026) · doi:10.64628/aa.kqq5hexpc
Navigating Rupture and Repair with Autistic Clients in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
DiMatteo, J. (2026) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07140-8_15
Autism, Theory of Mind, and the Dynamics of Value-Laden Research Programs
LaCroix, T. (2025) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2026.2623813
Psaltis, C., & Wagoner, B. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009393133.009
Towards a Future-Oriented Psychology
Gillespie, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009393133.011
Self-citationEmborg, C. (2026) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/14614456261417492
Oates, M., & Bean, A. (2026) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-026-00349-2
Sheppard, E., Clifton, L., Massarella, J., Pallares, G. M., Moynihan, P., Warner, M., & Withey, E. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261441153
Trew, S., & Russell, D. H. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02023-5 · Cited by 1
Trew, S., & Lawson, W. B. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02021-7
Brooker, J., & Jenks, E. (2026) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.70108
Thomas, M. R. (2026) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581261456658
Navigating Mixed-Neurotype Dialogue: Environmental and Affective Influences on Autistic Speakers
Miller, Z. A., Conner, C. M., Chang, J. C., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261469909
Schweizer, T., Fangmeier, T., Lichtblau, A., Peters, J., Mannherz, M., Biscaldi-Schäfer, M., Ebert, D., Riedel, A., & van Elst, L. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1863942
"You inevitably blame yourself": Autistic Adults' Experiences of Self-Compassion
Hartley, G., Sirois, F. M., & Purrington, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02934-3
Markelius, A., Bailey, J., Gibson, J. L., & Gunes, H. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3846175
Müller, E., Evans, D., Kern, A., Kleiner, J. R., Reikowsky, D. I., Smidl, K., & Frank‐Crawford, M. A. (2026) · Technology and Disability · doi:10.1177/10554181261488284
Carik, B. (2026) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3785651.3830030
Recreational Engagement in Children on the Autism Spectrum
POTVIN, M., Savard, L., DEIBLER, A. N., LaSalle, M. E., & Prelock, P. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394489886.ch39
Metadata
- Authors
- Heasman, B., & Gillespie, A.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Heasman, Brett
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 740-750
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC6055325
- OpenAlex
- W2727105378
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Research at York St John (York St John University) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J500070/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Asperger syndrome, perspective taking, family relationships, interpersonal misunderstanding, dyads, self-other perception, self-centeredness, social understanding, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Communication, Family, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Social Perception, Asperger Syndrome, Comprehension, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review