The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding visual metaphor: the example of newspaper cartoons
Abstract
Using Austrian newspaper cartoons as examples, this article explores the ‘grammar’ of visual metaphor. It is argued that visual metaphors cannot be described adequately in formal terms only. Rather, they must be considered as visual representations of metaphorical thoughts or concepts. A cognitive definition of metaphor must not, however, distract from potential variations in meaning and impact arising from the mode of communication through which metaphors are expressed. This study suggests that many of the dissimilarities between verbal metaphor and its visual counterpart result from differences regarding what the two modes are able to express easily and efficiently.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226470993.001.0001 · Cited by 20,632
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
Lakoff, G. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001 · Cited by 12,386
Reading images: the grammar of visual design
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-1950 · Cited by 8,742
(1997) · Cited by 7,801
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind
Odlin, T., & Lakoff, G. P. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982238 · Cited by 7,367
The contemporary theory of metaphor
Lakoff, G. (1993) · Metaphor and Thought · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173865.013 · Cited by 5,349
Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce
(1935) · Nature · doi:10.1038/135131a0 · Cited by 4,604
The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding
Gibbs, R. W. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,979
From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure
Sweetser, E. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620904 · Cited by 2,963
Ortony, A. (1979) · Cited by 2,159
Cited by
Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011) · Journal of Visual Literacy · doi:10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684 · Cited by 380
Metadata
- Authors
- Refaie, E. E.
- Venue
- Visual Communication
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-95
- ISSN
- 1470-3572 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3214
- OpenAlex
- W2148968055
- Cited by
- 420
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Understanding visual metaphor: the example of newspaper cartoons. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1470357203002001755
- The paper
- Refaie, E. E. (2003). Understanding visual metaphor: the example of newspaper cartoons. Visual Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357203002001755
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.