The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies of Gender-Based Violence in Complex Emergencies
Abstract
Current methods to estimate the incidence of gender-based violence in complex emergencies tend to rely on nonprobability samples. Population-based monitoring is undertaken relatively infrequently. This article provides a systematic review of published literature that represents attempts to quantify the magnitude of gender-based violence in emergency settings. Searches adopted a Boolean procedure, which led to initial selection of material that was then reviewed against set criteria. Only 10 studies met the final criteria for inclusion. Intimate partner violence, physical violence, and rape were the three categories of violence most frequently measured. Rates of intimate partner violence tended to be quite high across all of the studies-much higher than most of the rates of wartime rape and sexual violence perpetrated by individuals outside of the home. Direct comparisons of rates of violence were hindered by different case definitions, recall periods, and other methodological features. Recommendations for future studies are offered based on lessons learned from the studies reviewed.
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In the citing paper
“In settings of armed conflict, large groups of women are survivors of gender-based violence and experience gendered stressors. 15”
From Guided self-help to reduce psychological distress in South Sudanese female refugees in Uganda: A cluster randomised trial (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“There is also a high rate of sexual and gender-based violence due to military presence and women traveling long distances to access toilets or firewood (Stark & Ager, 2011;Tappis et al., 2016;Sommer et al., 2014;Freedman, 2016;Parekh, 2020).”
From Sexual and gender-based violence against South Sudanese refugees in Uganda: a mixed-methods study (2025) · cites this paper as Stark & Ager, 2011
In the citing paper
“To calculate the sample size required in the settlements and urban environments, I first consulted two systematic reviews on prevalence of sexual and gender-based violence in humanitarian situations (Vu et al., 2014;Stark & Ager, 2011).”
From Sexual and gender-based violence against South Sudanese refugees in Uganda: a mixed-methods study (2025) · cites this paper as Stark & Ager, 2011
In the citing paper
“Out of the combined 26 studies included for review, only seven recruited both refugee/internally displaced persons camps and people from urban environments.Of these seven studies, two disaggregated prevalence rates by environment.”
From Sexual and gender-based violence against South Sudanese refugees in Uganda: a mixed-methods study (2025) · cites this paper as Stark & Ager, 2011
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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Boerma, T., Requejo, J., Victora, C. G., Amouzou, A., George, A., Agyepong, I., Barroso, C., Barros, A. J. D., Bhutta, Z. A., Black, R. E., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30104-1 · Cited by 517
(2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 475
The effects of armed conflict on the health of women and children
Bendavid, E., Boerma, T., Akseer, N., Langer, A., Malembaka, E. B., Okiro, E. A., Wise, P. H., Heft‐Neal, S., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00131-8 · Cited by 484
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence
Moreira, D. N., & da Costa, M. P. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101606 · Cited by 358
Vu, A., Adam, A., Wirtz, A., Pham, K., Rubenstein, L., Glass, N., Beyrer, C., & Singh, S. (2014) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7 · Cited by 300
Metadata
- Authors
- Stark, L., & Ager, A.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stark, Lindsay
- Venue
- Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04-20
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 127-134
- ISSN
- 1524-8380 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8324
- OpenAlex
- W2144365375
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trauma Violence & Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Security, and Conflict
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
- Keywords
- gender-based violence, complex emergencies, prevalence, intimate partner violence, wartime rape, sexual violence, physical violence, population-based surveillance, case definition, recall period, conflict settings
- MeSH terms
- Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Physical Examination, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Spouse Abuse, United States, Prevalence, Battered Women
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