The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Barriers to Help Seeking for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and devastating social problem that is estimated to occur in one of every four opposite-sex relationships and at least one of every five same-sex romantic relationships. These estimates may not represent violence against those who identify as transgender or genderqueer, and very little comprehensive research has been conducted on IPV within these populations. One statewide study on IPV found rates of IPV were as high as one of every two transgender individuals. In order to cope with the effects of abuse or leave an abusive partner, many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and genderqueer (LGBTQ) IPV survivors seek support from others. However, LGBTQ IPV survivors may experience unique difficulties related to their sexual orientation and gender identity when seeking assistance. This article reviews the literature on LGBTQ IPV and suggests three major barriers to help-seeking exist for LGBTQ IPV survivors: a limited understanding of the problem of LGBTQ IPV, stigma, and systemic inequities. The significance and consequences of each barrier are discussed, and suggestions for future research, policy, and practice are provided.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Thus, online interventions have potential to reduce inequities among women who face the most substantial barriers to support, including Indigenous, racialized and/or immigrant women, those living in rural communities, and women with partners other than men [19–21].”
From Longitudinal impacts of an online safety and health intervention for women experiencing intimate partner violence: randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Citations
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 32,792
The American Psychological Association
Langfeld, H. S. (1919) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.49.1254.51 · Cited by 7,453
The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data
STRAUS, M. A., HAMBY, S. L., BONEY-McCOY, S., & SUGARMAN, D. B. (1996) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251396017003001 · Cited by 6,923
Halberstam, J., & Halberstam, J. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822394358 · Cited by 2,747
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029597 · Cited by 2,134
Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey
Grant, J. M., Motter, L. A., & Tanis, J. (2011) · Cited by 2,063
Journal of Inter Personal Violence
Soglin, L. F., Bauchat, J., Soglin, D. F., Stroger, J. H., Hospital, J., County, C., & Martin, G. J. (2004) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626050502000112 · Cited by 1,917
Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity
Serano, J. M. (2007) · Cited by 1,537
Positioning theory : moral contexts of intentional action
Harré, R., & Langenhove, L. V. (1999) · Cited by 1,513
Coercive Control: The Entrapment Of Women In Personal Life
Stark, E. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195154276.001.0001 · Cited by 1,502
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Connell R., 1995, Masculinities
- GLBT Domestic Violence Coalition and Jane Doe, Inc, 2005, Shelter/housing needs for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender victims of domestic violence
- Hattery A. J., 2012, The social dynamics of family violence: The social dynamics of intimate partner violence
- Jablow P. M., 2000, Hofstra Law Review, 28, 1095
- Langenderfer-Magruder L., 2014, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1
- Mohr J. J., Journal of Counseling Psychology
- National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. (2014, 4 14). LGBT advocates commend new VAWA non-discrimination guidance, urge other federal agencies to follow lead [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.avp.org/storage/documents/2014.4.24_ncavp_ma_lgbtjointvawa.pdf
- Renzetti C. M., 2001, Sourcebook on violence against women, 285
- Ristock J. L., 2002, Reclaiming self: Issues and resources for women abused by intimate partners, 98
- Schrock D., 2006, Body/embodiment: Symbolic interactionism and the sociology of the body
- 10.1037/e300342003-001 · DOI
- Vanasco J., 2001, The Advocate, 847, 25
- West A., 1992, Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 15, 249
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 369
Simpson, P. L., Callander, D., Haire, B. G., Pony, M., Rosenberg, S., Duck-Chong, L., Holt, M., & Cook, T. (2024) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2023.0146 · Cited by 3
The Role of Identity and Gender Beliefs in Self-Identification of Abuse for Male Victims of IPV
Vail, S. L., Spencer, C. M., Moore, M. M., & Keilholtz, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241270037 · Cited by 3
Kelly, L. C., Vennum, A., & Bell, C. C. (2024) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-024-09714-y · Cited by 4
McGray, T. L., Upshaw, B. E., Dodge, B., & Koss, M. P. (2024) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/29933021.2024.2428276 · Cited by 3
Castro, R., & Casique, I. (2025) · Salud Colectiva · doi:10.18294/sc.2025.5558 · Cited by 4
Bowling, J., Mennicke, A. M., Montanaro, E. A., Haley, G., Temple, J., Meehan, E., Carlson, H., Jules, B. N., Williams, M., Brienzo, M. J., et al. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2501177 · Cited by 3
Lin, K., & Liu, L. (2023) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231178676 · Cited by 3
Amos, N., Hill, A. O., Parsons, M., Lusby, S., Lyons, A., Carman, M., & Bourne, A. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00612-9 · Cited by 3
Mollá, M. L. (2024) · Simbiótica Revista Eletrônica · doi:10.47456/simbitica.v11i1.39918 · Cited by 3
Scott, D., Metheny, N., Apro, A., Bojorquez, F., Balda, D., Falcon, A. L., & Santis, J. P. D. (2025) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000606 · Cited by 3
Addressing Counselor Stigma in Working With Female Intimate Partner Violence Survivors
Maghsoudi, M. (2018) · Journal of Professional Counseling Practice Theory & Research · doi:10.1080/15566382.2019.1603015 · Cited by 3
Wong, J. W. H., La, V. V., Lee, S. E., & Raidoo, S. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Simons, L. G., & Sutton, T. E. (2021) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/15570851211005332 · Cited by 4
The Conceptualization, Measurement, and Reduction of Self‐Stigma of Seeking Help
Vogel, D. L., Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Lannin, D. G., & Zhao, N. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394179909.ch9 · Cited by 3
“Are You—?” “Are You ?” Queer Advocacy at Contemporary Neoliberal Rape Crisis Centers
Chen, M. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231192606 · Cited by 2
Kruis, N. E., Ménard, K. S., Rowland, N. J., & Griffith, R. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287241258690 · Cited by 2
Ummak, E., Yalcinoz-Ucan, B., & Gümüş, B. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00959-1 · Cited by 2
Martínez, B. A., Grané-Morcillo, J., Lorente-De-Sanz, J., & Castillo‐Garayoa, J. A. (2025) · Policy Futures in Education · doi:10.1177/14782103251395433 · Cited by 2
Worrell, S., & Bourne, A. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-01041-6 · Cited by 2
Palachi, A., Beljo, V., Martin, S. L., Vong, J., Hossain, S. S., & Day, D. M. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251412520 · Cited by 2
Song, B., Li, Y., & Liang, Z. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261429513 · Cited by 2
Hearing a New Story About Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse
Donovan, C., & Barnes, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35403-9_5 · Cited by 3
Sanchez, R. E., Ringel, M. M., & Goldey, K. L. (2022) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2022.2070566 · Cited by 2
Smith, J., Baker, E., Hepworth, E., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Nicholas, R., & Cohen, C. E. (2022) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624221134135 · Cited by 2
Acompañamiento psicológico a los efectos de la violencia homofóbica y transfóbica en adolescentes
Pérez, D. A. C., & Zúñiga-Salazar, E. (2023) · REVISTA U-Mores · doi:10.35290/ru.v2n1.2023.800 · Cited by 2
Hahn, C. K., Tilstra-Ferrell, E. L., Salim, S. R., Goodrum, N. M., Rheingold, A. A., Gilmore, A. K., Barber, S., & Moreland, A. D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/49557 · Cited by 4
Suicides among sexual minority populations in Asia: a battle in the shadows
Bhatia, G., Pal, A., Parmar, A., & Sharma, P. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2327388 · Cited by 3
Evans, D. N., Blount‐Hill, K., & Kim, C. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00969-6 · Cited by 2
Reed, S. M., Kibler, M. A., & Avalos, S. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287241248090 · Cited by 4
Nothing for us, except by us – Support for queer ethnic young people in Aotearoa New Zealand
Nakhid, C., Long, T. S., Fu, M., Tuwe, M., Ali, Z. A., Vano, L., Subramanian, P., Yachinta, C., & Farrugia, C. (2024) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-11-2023-0387 · Cited by 3
Violencia en parejas de mujeres lesbianas
Mollá, M. L., Martín, C. S., Coll‐Planas, G., & Badenes‐Ribera, L. (2024) · Oñati Socio-legal Series · doi:10.35295/osls.iisl.2084 · Cited by 2
Les croyances à propos de la violence conjugale : des stéréotypes sexistes à l’utopie lesbienne
Eyraud, F., Casini, A., & Klein, O. (2024) · The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville · doi:10.3138/ttr.45.2.125 · Cited by 2
Butler, L. V., Sandoval, C. M., Dawson, C. A., & Heron, K. E. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251320997 · Cited by 2
Intimate Partner Violence and Women Offenders
Cox, J. M., MacNeil, E., & Stewart, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42007-8_6 · Cited by 2
Sexual Relationship Violence Among Young, Partnered Sexual Minority Men in the United States
Stephenson, R. B., Washington, C., Darbes, L. A., Hightow‐Weidman, L., Sullivan, P. S., & Gamarel, K. E. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221149091 · Cited by 3
Economic Abuse and Help-Seeking Intentions Among Adolescents
Scott, S. E., Lavage, D. R., Risser, L. R., Bocinski, S. G., Miller, E. P., & Ragavan, M. I. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231194640 · Cited by 2
Homens que se relacionam com homens e o enfrentamento da violência na intimidade
de Souza, D. C., Beiras, A., & da Silva, I. R. (2024) · Revista Subjetividades · doi:10.5020/23590777.rs.v24i1.e13518 · Cited by 2
Nally, T., Ireland, J. L., & Birch, P. (2021) · Abuse An International Impact Journal · doi:10.37576/abuse.2021.024 · Cited by 1
Gay and Lesbian Families and Violence
Waldner, L. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31549-7_4 · Cited by 1
Outlaw, M. C., Teasdale, B., Bradley, M. S., & Ménard, K. S. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003429685-7 · Cited by 1
Gender-Based Violence and 2SLGBTQI+ Groups
Davidson, C. A., Mantler, T., & Jackson, K. T. (2024) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc14110242 · Cited by 1
Worrell, S., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Bourne, A., Macioti, P. G., Hill, A. O., & Amos, N. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00797-7 · Cited by 1
Huster, S., Hall, C. D. X., Signorelli, M. C., & Evans, D. P. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241311874 · Cited by 1
MacNeil, E., Cox, J., Stewart, H., & Russell, B. (2025) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2024-0048 · Cited by 1
Breaking the Silence: Exploring Intimate Partner Violence in Myanmar’s LGBT Community
Thu, K. S., Linn, N., & Chuemchit, M. (2025) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2025.2456796 · Cited by 1
Glick, J. L., Baugher, A. R., Morris, E., German, D., Alexander, K. A., Cha, S., Sionéan, C., & for the NHBS Study Group (2025) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2024.0098 · Cited by 1
Sexual Violence in Lesbian and Queer Relationships - Double Invisibility
Ovesen, N., & Carroll, C. (2025) · NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research · doi:10.1080/08038740.2025.2492105 · Cited by 1
Kurbatfinski, S., Letourneau, N. L., Novick, J., Marshall, S., Griggs, K., McBride, D. L., & Nixon, K. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251335361 · Cited by 2
Kurdyla, V. A. (2025) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/10439862251341144 · Cited by 1
Anti-Queer Violence in Australia: An Intersectional Analysis of Victimization Among LGBTQA+ Adults
Mitchell, M., Anderson, J., Amos, N., Hill, A. O., McNair, R., Carman, M., & Bourne, A. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2530133 · Cited by 1
Laliga-Mollá, M., Badenes-Ribera, L., & Bonilla-Campos, A. (2025) · Sexuality Research & Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01188-3
The Underestimation of Transgender Women’s Vulnerability to Workplace Sexual Harassment
Bandt-Law, B., Cheek, N. N., Glazier, J. J., Olson, K. R., & Kaiser, C. R. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251368955 · Cited by 1
Chan, C. D., Deaton, J. D., Silverio, N., & McKinney, J. L. G. (2025) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2025.2456305 · Cited by 1
Wirtz, A. L., Humes, E., Poteat, T., Althoff, K. N., Mayer, K. H., Cooney, E. E., Stevenson, M., Pontes, C., Radix, A. E., Wawrzyniak, A. J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101298 · Cited by 1
Rosen, J. G., Bardales, G., Atkins, K., & Glick, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251396832 · Cited by 1
Heteronormativity as a barrier to support service access for LGBTQ+ survivors
Quinlan, A. R. (2025) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580251398857 · Cited by 1
Milkins, B., Farrugia, J., Hendriks, J., Burns, S. K., Vedova, D. D., & Lobo, R. C. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-01021-w · Cited by 1
Hanson, K., & Lysova, A. V. (2026) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2025-0034 · Cited by 2
Ganesan, A., Aadhithan, J., Subramaniam, S., & Raju, N. (2026) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2026.2634358 · Cited by 1
Maryn, A., Exner‐Cortens, D., Matejko, E., Keough, J., Soto, J. N. C., & Martin‐Storey, A. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261439149 · Cited by 1
Gümüş, B., & Kara, Y. (2026) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2026.2668603 · Cited by 1
Andrade, L., & Costa, P. A. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14101390 · Cited by 1
Beaton, T., Higgins, D. J., Mathews, B., Hegarty, K. L., Scott, J. G., & Willis, M. L. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01155-5 · Cited by 1
Byrd, T. L., & Pasupathy, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816569-0.00013-9 · Cited by 1
A Review of Gender stereotypes in domestic violence
Wu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v8i.4476 · Cited by 1
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) among LGBTQIA+ couples
de Oliveira, L. R., Costa, J. M., & Oliveira, M. A. (2023) · Concilium · doi:10.53660/clm-744-23a15 · Cited by 1
Wellock, S., & Tarpey, E. (2023) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2023.2267480 · Cited by 1
Nason, J. A., Moylan, C. A., Nelson, A., Munro‐Kramer, M. L., Fedewa, T., & Campbell, R. (2024) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2024.2319084 · Cited by 1
Análisis configuracional de la denuncia de violencia en parejas de mujeres sexodisidentes
Tajonar, G. S. R., & Olivares-Méndez, M. (2024) · Pedagogia Social Revista Interuniversitaria · doi:10.7179/psri_2024.45.06
LaRosa, M., Edwards, K. M., Scheel, M., & Babchuk, W. A. (2024) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2024.2401038 · Cited by 2
Dinámicas de poder y denuncia en violencia de pareja
Tajonar, G. S. R., & Olivares-Méndez, M. (2025) · Espiral estudios sobre Estado y sociedad · doi:10.32870/eees.v32i92.7375 · Cited by 1
Mickievicz, E., Laubacher, C., Alston, C., Burnett, J., Simpson, A., Sickler, L., O’Connor, B., Mahler, J., Amodei, J., Miller, E. B., et al. (2025) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981241311216 · Cited by 1
The Prosecution of Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence Cases
Burke, C., & Richardson, R. L. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251351670 · Cited by 1
Navigating Violence: Understanding Intimate Partner Violence in Saskatchewan's 2SLGBTQ+ Women
Mackey, A., Bigalky, J., Hall, J., & Petrucka, P. M. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251362219 · Cited by 1
Sexual Health, LGBT, and Human Rights
Converti, M., & Ventriglio, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15038-9_17 · Cited by 1
Introduction: A Call to Action
Russell, B. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44762-5_1 · Cited by 1
Intimate Partner Violence in Women’s Same-Sex Relationships
Winstead, B. A., Shappie, A. T., & Dawson, C. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52612-2_9 · Cited by 1
LGBTQ Intimate Partner Violence
Brewer, N. Q., & Thomas, K. A. (2018) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0230 · Cited by 1
A Queer and Trans-Inclusive Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Shields, L. (2018) · doi:10.15760/honors.574 · Cited by 1
Stuart, S. (2020) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2020.1034 · Cited by 1
Behind Closed Doors: Attitudes, Dark Traits, and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence
Brunet, L. M. (2023) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15667 · Cited by 1
The Underestimation of Transgender Women's Vulnerability to Sexual HarassmentPreprint
Bandt-Law, B., Cheek, N. N., Glazier, J. J., Olson, K. R., & Kaiser, C. R. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a2ct6 · Cited by 1
Jenney, A., & Regehr, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0081
Papazian, N. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.118621
Pickett, D. (2018) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University)
Exploring Microaggressions Among Trans Populations: Effects on Feelings of Social Exclusion
AuBuchon, S. (2019) · doi:10.30707/etd2019.aubuchon.s · Cited by 1
Hattery, A. J., & Smith, E. L., III (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429494345-12
Domestic violence and abuse and mental health
Howard, L. M., & MacManus, D. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0143
Thompson, M. G. (2019) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007676
Societal Responses to Abuse in the Family: Programs to Prevent Future Violence
Frieze, I., Newhill, C., & Fusco, R. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42608-8_9
Beall, A. (2021) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Females Appraisal Distortions in Intimate Partner Relationships
Lee, F. (2020) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Leaving a Violent Relationship
Jones, A. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-0423-0
Powers, R. A., Kleppe, A. E., Amory, K., Jennings, W. G., & Cochran, J. K. (2022) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-20-00046
El rol de la edad en el estado de ánimo asociado al rechazo parental de la homosexualidad
Quiroga-Garza, A., & Gómez-Rodríguez, A. A. (2021) · Latinoamericana de Estudios de Familia · doi:10.17151/rlef.2021.13.2.9 · Cited by 1
Living on the Edge: Trans* Exclusion, Survival, and Resistance
Momen, R. E. (2022) · doi:10.33915/etd.11507
Metadata
- Authors
- Calton, J. M., Cattaneo, L. B., & Gebhard, K. T.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cattaneo, Lauren Bennett
- Venue
- Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-06-23
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 585-600
- ISSN
- 1524-8380 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8324
- OpenAlex
- W1911723154
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trauma Violence & Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, help-seeking barriers, stigma, systemic inequities, transgender people, genderqueer, sexual orientation, gender identity, same-sex relationships
- MeSH terms
- Help-Seeking Behavior, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Stereotyping, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review