The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 268 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The State of the Science on Sensory Factors and Their Impact on Daily Life for Children: A Scoping Review
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and synthesize research about how sensory factors affect daily life of children. We designed a conceptual model to guide a scoping review of research published from 2005 to October 2014 (10 years). We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO and included studies about sensory perception/processing; children, adolescents/young adults; and participation. We excluded studies about animals, adults, and review articles. Our process resulted in 261 articles meeting criteria. Research shows that children with conditions process sensory input differently than peers. Neuroscience evidence supports the relationship between sensory-related behaviors and brain activity. Studies suggest that sensory processing is linked to social participation, cognition, temperament, and participation. Intervention research illustrates the importance of contextually relevant practices. Future work can examine the developmental course of sensory processing aspects of behavior across the general population and focus on interventions that support children’s sensory processing as they participate in their daily lives.
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“A confirmatory factor analysis of the English version of the SP2 concluded that this instrument adjusts well to the four dimensions of the sensory processing model: seeker, avoider, sensitive, and low register (49).”
From Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions in Childhood: Development, Reliability, and Validity of the EPYFEI (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
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Self-citationSimpson, K., Adams, D., Alston‐Knox, C., Heussler, H., & Keen, D. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03889-2 · Cited by 103
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Self-citationMallory, C. L., & Keehn, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695825 · Cited by 109
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“Nonetheless, clues to whether we might expect a link with autism also come from the neurological basis 1 3 early in development (Ben-Sasson et al., 2010) and have a significant negative impact on children’s lives (e.g., in eating, playing, family interactions; Dunn et al., 2016).”
BackgroundExploring sensory phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder
Scheerer, N. E., Curcin, K., Stojanoski, B., Anagnostou, E., Nicolson, R., Kelley, E., Georgiades, S., Liu, X., & Stevenson, R. A. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00471-5 · Cited by 65
“While sensory processing difficulties are common for autistic individuals, these difficulties are also seen in other developmental disorders such as ADHD [56, 57] and OCD [58, 59], as well as in neurodevelopmentally typical children [60] and adults [61, 62].”
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Lane, S. J., Leão, M. A., & Spielmann, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.877527 · Cited by 74
Transdiagnostic Patterns of Sensory Processing in Autism and ADHD
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Sensory Processing Impairments in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Tran, H.-T., Li, Y., Lin, H., Lee, S., & Wang, P.-J. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101443 · Cited by 53
Zulkifli, M. N., Kadar, M., Fenech, M., & Hamzaid, N. H. (2022) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101928 · Cited by 46
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Characteristics of Idiopathic Sensory Processing Disorder in Young Children
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“…such as depression, and anxiety have also been reported in children with SPD with higher rates of atypical internalizing and externalizing behaviors including inattention, hyperactivity, mood disturbances, and anxiety (Engel-Yeger et al., 2016; McMahon et al., 2019; Van Hulle et al., 2019).”
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Sensory Processing in Young Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
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Dunn, W., Brown, C. E., Breitmeyer, A. M., & Salwei, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872619 · Cited by 25
Self-citationSensory Features as a Marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bizzell, E., ROSS, J. L., Rosenthal, C., Dumont, R. L., & Schaaf, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03948-8 · Cited by 25
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“Dunn and colleagues (Brown & Dunn, 2002; Dunn, 2001; Dunn et al., 2016) identified seven characteristics that determine the sensory quality of an environment: intensity, amount, consistency, competing stimuli, predictability, familiarity, and speed.”
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Köse, S., Türer, F., Inal-Kaleli, I., Senturk, H. N. C., Uyar, D. H. O., & Bildik, T. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06190-5 · Cited by 29
“Sensory processing differences in autistic children have been associated with limited adaptive performance, routine daily activities, nutrition, and sleep (Dellapiazza et al., 2018; Dunn et al., 2016; Mazurek et al., 2013; Mazurek & Petroski, 2015).”
Granovsky, Y., Shor, M., Shifrin, A., Sprecher, E., Yarnitsky, D., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.008 · Cited by 22
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Characterizing Sleep Differences in Children With and Without Sensory Sensitivities
Hartman, A., McKendry, S., Soehner, A. M., Bodison, S., Akçakaya, M., Dealmeida, D., & Bendixen, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875766 · Cited by 21
Kral, T. V. E., O’Malley, L., Johnson, K., Benvenuti, T. A., Chittams, J. L., Quinn, R. J., Thomas, J. G., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Levy, S. E., & Kuschner, E. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1100436 · Cited by 23
Sensory modulation, physical activity and participation in daily occupations in young children
Hertzog, D., Cermak, S. A., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417419831403 · Cited by 23
“These findings expand on and support the existing evidence suggesting reduced participation in daily occupations among children with SPC in comparison to typically developing children (see Bar-Shalita et al., 2009; Chien et al., 2016; Cosbey et al., 2010; Dunn et al., 2016; Yochman et al., 2013).”
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“2016) [6], and they are expressed among individuals with ASD with a large heterogeneity, suggesting a key role in the functioning of this population [7].”
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Little, L. M., Benton, K. L., Manuel‐Rubio, M., Saps, M., & Fishbein, M. H. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.03.020 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPrevalence Models to Support Participation: Sensory Patterns as a Feature of All Children’s Humanity
Dean, E. E., Little, L. M., Tomchek, S. D., Wallisch, A. M., & Dunn, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875972 · Cited by 17
Self-citationDesigning Sensory-Inclusive Virtual Play Spaces for Children
Boyd, L. E. (2019) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3311927.3325315 · Cited by 16
“Sensory factors impact many aspects of daily life such as “cognition, temperament, and social participation” [3].”
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“A confirmatory factor analysis of the English version of the SP2 concluded that this instrument adjusts well to the four dimensions of the sensory processing model: seeker, avoider, sensitive, and low register (49).”
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Thompson, K. L., Wallisch, A. M., Nowell, S. W., Meredith, J., & Boyd, B. A. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221135091 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, research on the link between sensory processing and cognitive ability is also mixed in autism (for review, see Dunn et al., 2016) with some studies suggesting a link between sensory processing and cognitive abilities (e.g. Zachor & Ben-Itzchak, 2014), other studies finding no link…”
The Contribution of Sensory Sensitivity to Emotional Lability in Children with ADHD Symptoms
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“…trading as Taylor & Francis Group identified sensory differences have been negatively associated with academic outcomes, activities of daily living, play and leisure behaviours, social interaction, motor performance, activity competence, sleep behaviours and anxiety (review Dunn et al., 2016).”
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(2019) · Journal of Childhood & Developmental Disorders · doi:10.4172/2472-1786 · Cited by 13
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“Dunn, and colleagues found that children with higher levels of sensory processing issues were more likely to have difficulties in everyday routines such as eating, playing, family interactions, and other social/activity participation (Dunn et al., 2016).”
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Watt, H. M., Cox, G., DeHerrera, M., Podgorny, S., Fortuna, J., & Cantwell, L. (2023) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2023.2275562 · Cited by 12
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Self-citationNutritional Intake and Sensory Processing in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“…based on their sensory characteristics (colors, movement, sound, etc.), thus associating the sensory profile with the type of game, depending on its level of demand for activities: games with a low activity level, sedentary games, or games with a great demand for movement or physical activity (78).”
InfluentialBrown, T., Swayn, E., Lyons, C., & Taylor, J. (2021) · Annals of International Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3928/24761222-20210601-05 · Cited by 10
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“Just as individuals demonstrate variable cognitive, physical, and social-emotional abilities, sensory processing and regulation also varies widely across people–with and without disabilities [2].”
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“These can interact with the school environment, impacting their ability to complete schoolwork, participate in activities, and their overall well-being (Dunn et al. 2016; Reynolds et al. 2011).”
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“Despite the crucial importance of sensory processing in shaping normal and psychopathological behaviors, this topic is currently under investigated (Dunn et al., 2016).”
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“These findings support the literature that reports a close association of sensory processing difficulties with functional limitations in daily life [1,9] and further highlight the importance in accommodating sensory processing difficulties at school and at home.”
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“Correlation between PQP total score and SSP score: Atypical sensory processing is known to negatively affect various activities, including education, play, leisure, social participation, eating, elimination, and sleep (Dunn et al., 2016; Ismael et al., 2018).”
Assayag, N., Berger, I., Parush, S., Mell, H., & Bar-Shalita, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052541 · Cited by 4
Caregiver Strategies to Sensory Features for Children With Autism and Developmental Disabilities
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Media sensory curation and family media conflict: replication and validation of short-form measures
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Heyburn, K., Shaw, D., Carbert, K., & Thompson‐Hodgetts, S. (2022) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2022.2104151 · Cited by 5
“It is possible that some of these children represent the estimated 15% of the general population who process sensory information differently than the norm (Dunn et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGuidelines for Sensory Havens in Autism and Sensory-Friendly Events
Fletcher, T. S., Chen, A., Norris, A., Pizarro, E., Tran, J., & Tripp, M. K. (2023) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00400599231171715 · Cited by 5
“Community participation is an essential aspect of life for everyone, including people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), sensory processing disorder, and other forms of neurodiversity (Bagatell et al., 2022; Chien et al., 2016; Dunn et al., 2016; Watts et al., 2014).”
Wallisch, A. M., Little, L. M., Bruce, A. S., & Salley, B. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895516 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSensory modulation and trauma-related symptoms during rocket attacks
Charny, S., Cao, G., Gafter, L., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Lahav, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2213110 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, elevated distress and anxiety, poorer executive functions (Engel-Yeger & Rosenblum, 2021), and impeded functioning (Dunn et al., 2016; Engel-Yeger & Rosenblum, 2021), all of which were found to be related to high sensory responsiveness, could hamper individuals’ ability to effectively…”
BackgroundAgmon, M., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Kizony, R. (2021) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s322728 · Cited by 4
Observations of Child Behaviors and Responsivity during Sensory Friendly Community Events
DeBoth, K. K., Wendland, M., Barnard, E., & Brown, P. (2022) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2022.2060881 · Cited by 4
“…an individual has difficulty receiving, processing or organizing sensory information, they may instead exhibit maladaptive responses to sensory stimuli, negatively influencing their ability to engage in everyday life (Case-Smith & Clifford O ’ Brien, 2014; Chien et al., 2016; Dunn et al., 2016).”
Exploring Co-Regulation-Related Factors in the Mothers of ADHD Children—Proof of Concept Study
Yaacoby-Vakrat, R., Pade, M., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10081286 · Cited by 4
Cardon, G. J., Buckhannon, M., & Rojas, D. C. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108712 · Cited by 5
Sensory Features as a Marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Schaaf, R. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102455-1 · Cited by 4
Escelsior, A., Murri, M. B., Polena, L., Petrilli, G., Zizzi, A., Inuggi, A., Bode, J., Engel‐Yeger, B., da Silva, B. P., Gori, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01316-x · Cited by 3
“Dunn’s four-quadrant model of sensory processing was developed to categorize individuals into four sensory processing styles, based on their responses to various sensory inputs (Dunn et al., 2016).”
Augé, P., Maruani, A., Humeau, É., Ellul, P., Cartigny, A., Lefebvre, A., Dellapiazza, F., Delorme, R., & Peyre, H. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06385-4 · Cited by 3
“The BRIEF and the SSP represent the most widely used het-ero-questionnaires in ASD for the assessment of executive function and sensory features, respectively (Demetriou et al., 2019; Dunn et al., 2016).”
Friedman, Z. L., & Nealon, K. (2023) · Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.xjep.2023.100611 · Cited by 3
Hartman, A. G., McKendry, S., Akcakaya, M., Soehner, A. M., Bodison, S. C., DeAlmeida, D. R., & Bendixen, R. M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.03.024 · Cited by 3
Introduction: Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors and Interests in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gal, E., & Yirmiya, N. (2021) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66445-9_1 · Cited by 3
Freund-Azaria, A., Bart, O., Regev, R. H., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2023) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-22-596 · Cited by 2
Assayag, N., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Rand, D. (2024) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-024-00449-7 · Cited by 2
Heron, P. J., Crameri, F., Canaletti, E. F., Harrison, D., Hashemi, S., Leigh, P., Narayan, S., Osowski, K., Rantanen, R., & Williams, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1524007 · Cited by 5
Valencia, M., D'Ocon, A., Plata, R., Simó, S., & Cantero, M. J. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12060664 · Cited by 2
“Different studies report that children with SPD have greater difficulties in performing daily activities, social participation, cognition, academic performance [38], temperament regulation [39], and sleep [40].”
Kabakov, S. A., Surgent, O. J., Skaletski, E. C., Sideris, J. H., Ausderau, K., & Travers, B. G. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06995-6 · Cited by 2
Feeding Management in Autistic Children During Early Childhood: A Scoping Review
Tobar, N. J., Melaza, V. J., Wachholtz, D., Thomas‐Valdés, S., Vidal, V., Vargas, E., Wiedeman, A. M., & Vizcarra, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12121699 · Cited by 3
“There is a relationship between food selectivity and sensory-based difficulties (e.g., taste or smell sensitivities) in autistic children, reflected in their avoidance of fruits and vegetables and in consuming fewer dairy products than children without the diagnosis [15].”
Armstrong-Gallegos, S., & Nicolson, R. I. (2024) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2024.2370801 · Cited by 3
“A scoping review of sensory factors (Dunn et al., 2016) comprised of studies that compared sensory differences among children with and without conditions, including autism, dyspraxia, ADHD, and others, concluded that children with conditions were more likely to present sensory issues than typically…”
Components of Empathy in Children: Factor Structure of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C)
Smees, R., Rinaldi, L. J., & Simner, J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06649-z · Cited by 3
“Recognizing how children with sensory sensitivities experience and express empathy could provide important insights into the links between sensory processes and social interactions (Dunn et al., 2016; Bundy et al., 2007 ).”
Caregiver Perceptions of Child Participation in Sensory Friendly Community Events
DeBoth, K. K., Wendland, M., MOT, O. L. T. B., & MOT, O. L. C. S. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2020.1862729 · Cited by 2
“When sensory processing is impaired, it can have significant, maladaptive effects on daily living and occupational engagement (Ayres & Robbins, 2005; Dunn et al., 2016; Miller, Anzalone, Jane, Cermak, & Osten, 2007).”
BackgroundRevisiting Marketing Public Relations Dynamics in the Perspective of Communication
Sadasri, L. M., Tania, S., & Widagdhaprasana, M. (2022) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.02.10 · Cited by 2
“130 Gesualdi, 2019; McKie & Willis, 2012). Kotler and Mindak (1978) mention a specific definition of the concept of MPR.”
BackgroundTulliani, N., Mills, C., Collison, L., Peel, N., Fahey, P. P., & Liu, K. P. Y. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1322 · Cited by 2
“Interventions may focus on modifications to the activity or the environment to address sensory processing difficulties (Dunn et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSensory modulation difficulties and complex PTSD among child abuse survivors
Kidra, N. A., Gafter, L., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Lahav, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2512672 · Cited by 1
“Sensory modulation is the ability to regulate responses to sensations in a graded and adaptive manner, allowing for appropriate functioning (Dunn et al., 2016; Koziol et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2007).”
Children's Sensory Processing in the Classroom: A Cross‐Sectional Study Using Teacher Rating
Mills, C., Nash, S., Agho, K., Hinitt, J., & Coxon, K. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23598 · Cited by 1
“The SPSC2 is a standardized, norm ‐ referenced teacher questionnaire that is part of a suite of commonly used Sensory Profile As-sessments developed by Dunn, (Dunn et al. 2016).”
Low sensory responsiveness is associated with accelerated aging in midlife
Asher, M., Tzemah-Shahar, R., Hochner, H., Shapiro, I., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Agmon, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07596-0 · Cited by 1
“While much research on sensory response alterations has established their impact on daily functioning, it has largely concentrated on specific populations, including those with sensory modulation disorders, the elderly, and individuals experiencing chronic pain or disability 18,21,22 .”
Sensory Profiles in Children with Speech Sound Disorders
Björelius, H., Tükel, Ş., Tsilingaridis, G., Malmenholt, A., & Terband, H. (2025) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000548782 · Cited by 1
“The frequency of social participation in activities, as well as the experience of enjoyment, was found to be affected by challenges in sensory processing regardless of having an ADHD diagnosis or not [1, 2].”
InfluentialJussila, K. K., Korkiakoski, A., Jussila, A., Kuusikko‐Gauffin, S., Joskitt, L., Mäntymaa, M., Moilanen, I. K., & Mattila, M. (2025) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2025.2572330 · Cited by 1
Gündoğmuş, E., Toru, E., & Abaoğlu, H. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2025.2611932 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunn, W., Little, L., Dean, E., Robertson, S., & Evans, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dunn, Winnie
- Venue
- OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2_suppl
- Pages
- 3S-26S
- ISSN
- 1539-4492 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2383
- OpenAlex
- W2434228612
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 268
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 29.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Occupational Therapy Foundation
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- sensory processing, sensory perception, children, adolescents, social participation (health and rehabilitation), brain activity, temperament, cognition, developmental course
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Brain, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Sensation, Temperament, Social Participation, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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