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Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments
Abstract
This paper describes an experiment to evaluate a procedure for measuring distance perception in immersive VEs. Forty-eight subjects viewed a VE with a Head Mounted Display (HMD), a Binocular Omni-Oriented Monitor (BOOM), or a computer monitor. Subjects estimated the distance to a figure of known height that was initially 40 ft away. As the figure moved forward, subjects indicated when the figure was perceived to be 30, 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 ft away. A separate group of 36 subjects performed the task in a real-world setting roughly comparable to the VE. VE distance estimation was highly variable across subjects. For distance perception involving a moving figure, in the VE conditions most subjects called out before the figure had closed to the specified distances. Distance estimation was least accurate with the monitor. In the real world, most subjects called out after the figure had closed to or passed the specified distances. Ways to improve the procedure are discussed.
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“As depth information is important in manipulation tasks, we can infer that better performance in VR may in part be due to the superior information available when using VRHMDs.”
From Study of Multimodal Interfaces and the Improvements on Teleoperation (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
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References 4 · Cited by 82
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lampton, D. R., McDonald, D. P., Singer, M., & Bliss, J. P.
- Affiliations
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (US)
- University of Alabama in Huntsville (US)
- ORCID
- Bliss, James P.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1268-1272
- ISSN
- 0163-5182 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-1813
- 2169-5067
- OpenAlex
- W2099589910
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies
- Keywords
- distance perception, distance estimation, virtual worlds, immersive virtual reality, head-mounted displays, computer monitors, perceptual accuracy, real-world comparison
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/154193129503902006
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- Lampton, D. R., McDonald, D. P., Singer, M., & Bliss, J. P. (1995). Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129503902006
