The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bone Health in Athletes: The Role of Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones
Open accessAbstract
Context: The health of the skeletal system is important for athletes young and old. From the early benefits of exercise on bones to the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment, bone health affects the ability to be active throughout life. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed articles dating from 1986 to 2016 were used for the review. Relevant terms such as keywords and section titles of the article were searched and articles identified were reviewed for relevance to this article. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Levels 1 through 4 evidence included. Results: There is strong evidence that exercise benefits bone health at every age and is a critical factor in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Vitamin D, calcium, and hormones play vital roles in ensuring optimal bone health. When there is an imbalance between exercise and nutrition, as seen in the female athlete triad, bone health is compromised and can lead to bone stress injuries and early osteoporosis. Both of these can lead to morbidity and lost time from training and competition. Thus, early recognition and appropriate treatment of the female athlete triad and other stress fracture risk factors are vital to preventing long-term bone health problems. Conclusion: To optimize bone health, adequate nutrition, appropriate weightbearing exercise, strength training, and adequate calcium and vitamin D are necessary throughout life.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A significantly greater bone density has been observed in athletic cohorts, with effects depending on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise training and the characteristics of the athletes [298].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“Exceptions include non-weight-bearing activities (e.g., swimming, cycling) and competitive distance runners, whose bone density appears similar to, or lower than the non-exercising controls.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“Exceptions include non-weight-bearing activities (e.g., swimming, cycling) and competitive distance runners, whose bone density appears similar to, or lower than the non-exercising controls.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“A significantly greater bone density has been observed in athletic cohorts, with effects depending on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise training and the characteristics of the athletes [298].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889 · cited 1×
“Because of these concerns and the availability of other osteoporosis medications, estrogen has a role but is no longer a first-line agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis.(14,16,24,88)”
BackgroundHolick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720
Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
Beral, V. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14065-2 · Cited by 2,986
Holick, M. F. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678s · Cited by 2,799 · cited 1×
“Vitamin D insufficiency is defined as a level of 20 to 31 ng/mL, and a level of ≥32 ng/mL demonstrates sufficient levels.(45,46) The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in athletes is about 56% overall with a higher incidence in the winter and spring, indoor sports, and mixed sports.”
BackgroundDietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
Institute of Medicine (2011) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/13050 · Cited by 2,597
Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology
Clarke, B. (2008) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.04151206 · Cited by 2,192 · cited 1×
“Cortical bone is dense, solid, and surrounds the marrow space, whereas trabecular bone consists of a honeycomb-like network of trabecular plates and rods distributed throughout the bone marrow compartment.(29) Mechanotransduction refers to bone’s recognition of and response to loading, with mechanoreceptors primarily…”
BackgroundSex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton
Riggs, B. L., Khosla, S., & Melton, L. J. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.3.0465 · Cited by 1,846 · cited 1×
“It inhibits bone turnover and maintains balance between bone resorption and formation.(86) Estrogen acts on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a receptor-mediated fashion and has indirect effects on other hormones, including calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, cytokines, and growth factors.”
BackgroundBlack, D. M., & Rosen, C. J. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1513724 · Cited by 1,790
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554
Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy: the Million Women Study
Beral, V., Banks, E., REEVES, G. K., & Bull, D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14596-5 · Cited by 1,270
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Bohon TM, 2013, Clin Med Insights Womens Health, 6, 67
- Kam GY, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 1918
- LeBlanc AD, 2007, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 7, 33
- Looker AC, 2012, NCHS Data Brief, 1
- Uchiyama Y, 2007, Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 32, 121
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): Expert consensus guidelines
Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Bernabei, R., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., et al. (2021) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8 · Cited by 1,247
Izquierdo, M., de Souto Barreto, P., Arai, H., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., Coen, P. M., Courneya, K. S., Duque, G., et al. (2025) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401 · Cited by 273
Kim, S. K. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200785 · Cited by 185
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Minerals in Relation to a Healthy Gut Microbiome
Bielik, V., & Kolísek, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136803 · Cited by 175
“Further, strong evidence suggests that exercise benefits bone health at all ages and is a critical factor in osteoporosis prevention and treatment in both sexes [33].”
BackgroundCondo, D., Lohman, R., Kelly, M., & Carr, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050971 · Cited by 122
“Adequate intakes of calcium, which plays a vital role in bone health and injury risk [34,35], and iron, essential to carry oxygen and maintaining energy release [36], are important for females, in particular when performing high-intensity contact sport.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Goolsby, M. A., & Boniquit, N.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goolsby, Marci A.
- Venue
- Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-11-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 108-117
- ISSN
- 1941-0921 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-7381
- PMC
- PMC5349390
- OpenAlex
- W2550789070
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- bone health, athletes, osteoporosis prevention, exercise and bone health, female athlete triad, stress fractures, vitamin D, calcium, bone stress injuries, resistance training, nutrition and bone health
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Dietary, Female, Hormones, Humans, Osteoporosis, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Exercise, Bone Density, Fractures, Stress, Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
