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Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Health promotion is the main strategy for encouraging people to adopt a healthy lifestyle and for preventing non-communicable diseases. Medical students, in particular, are expected to have an important role in health promotion in their near future as physicians. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate all six components of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile and its sociodemographic determinants among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in January 2018 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of two parts: the first part included sociodemographic questions and body mass index measurement and the second part consisted of questions from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Results: The study enrolled 243 medical students, of which 55.1% were male, 39.5% were in their fifth year, and more than half had a monthly family income above 20,000 Saudi Riyal. The mean body mass index of the respondents was 25.1 ± 5.2 (range = 13.7–43.8). The total mean score of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II was 123.8 ± 19.8 (range = 72–191). Study findings showed that health-promoting profiles differed by gender, particularly with respect to physical activity and interpersonal relationships. Factors were found to be associated with the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II subscales, including income and year of study. Conclusions: University students, and in particular health science students, represent an appropriate area for health promotion interventions to be established.
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TL;DR
In a cross-sectional survey of 243 clinical-phase medical students at King Abdulaziz University, the mean Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II score was 123.8 ± 19.8, with spiritual growth highest and physical activity lowest. Gender, year of study, income, and BMI were variously associated with HPLP II subscales, though overall HPLP II did not differ significantly by most sociodemographic factors.
Key findings
- Among 243 medical students (55.1% male; mean age 21.6 ± 1.0 years; mean BMI 25.1 ± 5.2), the total HPLP II mean score was 123.8 ± 19.8 (range = 72–191), falling in the moderate range (91–129); Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91.
- The highest subscale mean was spiritual growth (25.5 ± 4.9), while the lowest was physical activity (16.7 ± 5.3).
- Male students had significantly higher physical activity scores than female students (17.67 ± 5.5 vs. 15.59 ± 4.8; p = 0.002) and significantly higher stress management scores (19.41 ± 3.5 vs. 18.33 ± 3.9; p = 0.03).
- Year of study was significantly associated with stress management (p = 0.03); higher monthly family income was significantly associated with higher interpersonal relationships scores (p = 0.03); BMI was negatively correlated with interpersonal relationships (r = −0.150, p = 0.020). No significant correlations were observed between total HPLP II score and BMI or age.
Methods
- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2018 among fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; students with chronic medical diagnoses or in an exam period were excluded.
- Using stratified sampling and proportional allocation, 243 of 1,100 clinical-phase students were enrolled; the questionnaire included sociodemographic items, BMI measurement, and the 52-item HPLP II with six subscales scored on a 1–4 Likert scale.
- Data were analyzed with SPSS version 23 using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, independent samples t tests and ANOVA for gender, year of study, monthly income, and smoking status, and Pearson correlations for age and BMI.
Limitations
- The paper states that students were enrolled from one university only, that findings cannot be generalized to all medical students in the country or to students in other fields, and that the self-reported questionnaire may not reflect reality.
- Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality or temporal ordering between associated factors and health-promoting behaviors.
- Evident from the text: some narrative results conflict with table values (for example, gender t statistics and the direction of the year-of-study association with stress management), so specific effect estimates should be interpreted cautiously.
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14 Own result · 5 Not checked yet · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding gender, male students had significantly higher scores than female students in physical activity and stress management.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the highest mean in the subscales was 25.5 ± 4.9 for spiritual growth and the lowest was 16.7 ± 5.3 for physical activity.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Spiritual growth | 25.5 | 4.9 | 10 | 36 | 9–36”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plainn = 243- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the highest mean in the subscales was 25.5 ± 4.9 for spiritual growth and the lowest was 16.7 ± 5.3 for physical activity.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Physical activity | 16.7 | 5.3 | 8 | 32 | 8–32”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plainn = 243- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total mean score of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II was 123.8 ± 19.8 (range = 72–191).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The HPLP II total mean score was 123.8 ± 19.8 (range = 72–191), and the highest mean in the subscales was 25.5 ± 4.9 for spiritual growth and the lowest was 16.7 ± 5.3 for physical activity.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Abstract > Results:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher income was significantly associated with a higher score on interpersonal relationships; BMI was negatively associated with interpersonal relationships.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Pearson’s correlation results showed a statistically significant negative correlation between students’ BMI and interpersonal relationships only.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“BMI was negatively associated with interpersonal relationships.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding gender, male students had significantly higher scores than female students in physical activity and stress management.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant association between year of university study and stress management; fourth-year students had the highest scores.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant association between year of university study and stress management; fourth-year students had the highest scores.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant correlations were observed between HPLP score and BMI or age.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Pearson’s correlation results showed negative correlations between the students’ age and the overall HPLP II scale and all six subscales, with no significant differences”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no significant difference was found in total HPLP II scores and the mean scores of the subscales related to marital status, nationality, parents’ marital status, residency, living arrangements, number of rooms, or number of brothers and sisters.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the average score of female students was better than male students in interpersonal relationships, but also with no significant difference.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
plainn = 243- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using a stratified sampling and proportional allocation, the calculated sample was 243 out of 1100 students in the clinical phase of the curriculum. This was calculated using Raosoft19 software (Raosoft, Seattle, WA, USA) and the single proportion method.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Roasoft. Online Roasoft sample size calculator. 2016, http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For data collection, a self-reported questionnaire was used; thus, participants’ responses may not reflect reality.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The overall scale of the original version of the HPLP II reported a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94, and for the six subscales, it ranged from 0.79 to 0.87.3”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Walker SN Sechrist KR Pender NJ. The health-promoting lifestyle profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res 1987; 36(2): 76– 81. 3644262 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The adoption and practice of a healthy lifestyle by medical students is critical for them to be role models and have the ability to influence their patients and the general population.10”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Rush KL Kee CC Rice M. Nurses as imperfect role models for health promotion. West J Nurs Res 2005; 27(2): 166– 183. 15695573
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Health-promoting behaviors include six components: health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, stress management, self-actualization, and interpersonal relationships.3”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Walker SN Sechrist KR Pender NJ. The health-promoting lifestyle profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res 1987; 36(2): 76– 81. 3644262 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have explored the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) among medical students, and literature from the Arab region for this particular group is even more scarce.
“Despite the importance of this issue, few studies have explored the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) among medical students, and literature from the Arab region for this particular group is even more scarce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Medical students are expected to play a key role in health promotion in their near future as physicians.
“medical students are specifically expected to play a key role in health promotion in their near future as physicians.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studying measurement invariance based on sociodemographic characteristics is essential, as evidence indicates differences in the adoption of health-promoting behaviors between urban and rural contexts [37], as well as by gender, with lower scores observed particularly among women [40, 41].”
From Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II in Honduran university students (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“the results showed that non-smokers had significantly better mean scores than smokers and ex-smokers in the area of spiritual growth (t = 2.9; p\0.04)”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“| F | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.2 | | p | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.73 | 0.31 |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“There was a significant association between year of university study and stress management; fourth-year students had the highest scores.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“| Fourth | 17.43 ± 3.8 | 17.50 ± 5.3 | 21.30 ± 3.7 | 25.07 ± 5.3 | 22.92 ± 3.9 | 17.81 ± 3.8 | 122.06 ± 18.4 | | Fifth | 18.08 ± 4.8 | 16.00 ± 5.2 | 20.88 ± 3.9 | 25.38 ± 4.6 | 23.15 ± 4.0 | 18.93 ± 3.6 | 122.55 ± 19.3 | | Sixth | 18.19 ± 4.6 | 17.15 ± 5.3 | 21.55 ± 4.2 | 25.85 ± 5.1 | 23.95 ± 5.1 | 19.55 ± 3.7 | 126.26 ± 20.8 |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Conclusion
“Health-promoting behaviors differed by gender, particularly with respect to physical activity and interpersonal relationships.”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Discussion
“while the female students had a slightly higher score on this subscale, there was no significant difference in comparison with the male students”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“the participants from the group whose families earn more than 30,000 Saudi Riyal had better mean scores than other groups with regard to health responsibility, physical activity, spiritual growth, interpersonal relationships subscales, and overall HPLP scores, but with no significant differences (Table 4).”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“| p | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.5 | 0.03* | 0.66 | 0.17 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“males had significantly higher scores than females in the areas of stress management (t = 5.1; p\0.03) and physical activity (t = 9.5; p\0.002).”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“| t | 1.52 | 3.08 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 0.63 | 2.26 | 1.92 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“the Pearson’s correlation results showed negative correlations between the students’ age and the overall HPLP II scale and all six subscales”
§ Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university > Results
“| Age | Age | Age | Age | Age | Age | Age | Age | | r | −0.083 | 0.051 | −0.025 | −0.019 | −0.096 | −0.080 | −0.036 |”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alzahrani, S. H., Malik, A. A., Bashawri, J., Shaheen, S. A., Shaheen, M. M., Alsaib, A. A., Mubarak, M. A., Adam, Y. S., & Abdulwassi, H. K.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Alzahrani, Sami H
- Venue
- SAGE Open Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 2050312119838426-2050312119838426
- ISSN
- 2050-3121 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6434441
- OpenAlex
- W2927863450
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 17.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- SAGE Open Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- health-promoting lifestyle, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, medical students, physical activity, interpersonal relationships, body mass index, sociodemographic factors, gender differences, income, year of study, health promotion interventions, non-communicable disease prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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