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European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders
Open accessAbstract
This guideline presents recommendations for the management of coeliac disease (CD) and other gluten-related disorders both in adults and children. There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of CD over the last 50 years and many patients remain undiagnosed. Diagnostic testing, including serology and biopsy, should be performed on a gluten-containing diet. The diagnosis of CD is based on a combination of clinical, serological and histopathological data. In a group of children the diagnosis may be made without biopsy if strict criteria are available. The treatment for CD is primarily a gluten-free diet (GFD), which requires significant patient education, motivation and follow-up. Slow-responsiveness occurs frequently, particularly in those diagnosed in adulthood. Persistent or recurring symptoms necessitate a review of the original diagnosis, exclude alternative diagnoses, confirm dietary adherence (dietary review and serology) and follow-up biopsy. In addition, evaluation to exclude complications of CD, such as refractory CD or lymphoma, should be performed. The guideline also deals with other gluten-related disorders, such as dermatitis herpetiformis, which is a cutaneous manifestation of CD characterized by granular IgA deposits in the dermal papillae. The skin lesions clear with gluten withdrawal. Also, less well-defined conditions such as non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and gluten-sensitive neurological manifestations, such as ataxia, have been addressed. Newer therapeutic modalities for CD are being studied in clinical trials but are not yet approved for use in practice.
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“Tissue transglutaminase IgA is 98% sensitive and specific for coeliac disease, however intestinal biopsy is recommended to confirm the diagnosis.727”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [727]
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“Five CPGs for populations with celiac disease [[52], [53], [54], [55], [56]] recommended complete avoidance of gluten, but gluten was not mentioned by any other CPG.”
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Items 401–500 of 995
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Development of a Multinational Clinical Practice Guideline: A Practical Structured Procedure
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Szaflarska‐Popławska, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030947 · Cited by 5
Gluten-related disorders definition
Asri, N., & Rostami‐Nejad, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821846-4.00003-6 · Cited by 6
Clinical spectrum of Celiac disease from a cardiology perspective
Myrmel, G. M. S., Lunde, T., & Saeed, S. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.38.4.6129 · Cited by 5
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“5% in patients with dyspepsia.(13,14) In Turkey, the prevalence of CeD is somewhat lower, reported to be around 0.”
BackgroundTovoli, F., Pallotta, D. P., Giamperoli, A., Zavatta, G., Skoracka, K., Raiteri, A., Faggiano, C., Krela‐Kaźmierczak, I., & Granito, A. (2023) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-023-03307-7 · Cited by 5
“Answering the call for research favoring an optimized management of bone disease in CD [13] and trying to provide data helping in standardizing the current recommendations, we designed a study gathering information starting from the index DXA and extending for 10 years.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBierła, J. B., Cukrowská, B., Skrzydło-Radomańska, B., Prozorow-Król, B., Kurzeja-Mirosław, A., Cichoż‐Lach, H., Laskowska, K., Sowińska, A., & Majsiak, E. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13071165 · Cited by 5
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Vereczkei, Z., Imrei, M., Szakács, Z., Kővári, B., Papp, V., Lénárt, Z., Berki, T., Szirmay, B., Farkas, N., Balaskó, M., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068989 · Cited by 5
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Rapid Anti-tTG-IgA Screening Test for Early Diagnosis of Celiac Disease in Pediatric Populations
Mendía, I., Segura, V., Ruiz‐Carnicer, Á., Coto, L., Negrete, M., Long, J. C. D., Reyes-Andrade, J., Amil, B., de la Cueva, I. S., Comino, I., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234926 · Cited by 5
Fucà, E., Costanzo, F., Galassi, P., Celestini, L., Valentini, D., & Vicari, S. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13135 · Cited by 5
Rispo, A., Calabrese, G., Toro, B., et al. (2024) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2024.03.002 · Cited by 5
Skoracka, K., Hryhorowicz, S., Tovoli, F., Raiteri, A., Rychter, A. M., Słomski, R., Dobrowolska, A., Granito, A., & Krela‐Kaźmierczak, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1378172 · Cited by 25
Microscopic Colitis and Celiac Disease: Sharing More than a Diagnostic Overlap
González-Castro, A. M., Fernández‐Bañares, F., Zabana, Y., Farago-Pérez, G., Jonathan, D. O.-B., Expósito, E., & Guagnozzi, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142233 · Cited by 6
“…overt malabsorption to extra-intestinal manifestations (late puberty, short stature, fatigue, dermatitis herpetiformis, etc.) or nutritional deficiencies (iron deficiency anemia) associated with a substantial reduction in the intestinal absorptive surface area due to intestinal villous atrophy [2].”
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Population screening of adults identifies novel genetic variants associated with celiac disease
Alam, M. S., Thomas, L. F., Brumpton, B. M., Hveem, K., Lundin, K. E. A., Withoff, S., Jonkers, I. H., Sollid, L. M., Hjort, R., & Ness‐Jensen, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04421-6 · Cited by 5
“Finally, the CeD diagnosis was based on stringent criteria, including repeated positive serology, a minimum Marsh grade of 3 (villous blunting) 19,20 , and exclusion of other causes of inflammation and atrophy, such as the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs or acetylsalicylic acid and…”
Self-citationTHE ASSOCIATION OF ADULT MALE AND FEMALE INFERTILITY WITH CELIAC DISEASE PATIENTS IN YEMEN
Mohsen, A. E. A. E. (2018) · Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.22270/ujpr.v2i6.r5 · Cited by 5
The UEG Journal is steaming ahead
Drenth, J. P. H., & Lerch, M. M. (2020) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640620973079 · Cited by 5
Coeliac Disease in Elderly Patients: Value of Coeliac Lymphogram for Diagnosis
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“The tTG-IgA test is positive in about 98% of patients with celiac disease on a gluten-containing diet and is therefore used to rule out celiac disease [30].”
BackgroundMethodInsights from tissue “omics” analysis on intestinal remodeling in celiac disease
Stamnæs, J. (2021) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202100057 · Cited by 6
Intestinal Cellular Biomarkers of Mucosal Lesion Progression in Pediatric Celiac Disease
Vitale, S., Maglio, M., Picascia, S., Mottola, I., Miele, E., Troncone, R., Auricchio, R., & Gianfrani, C. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111971 · Cited by 6
Self-citationReal‐world Follow‐up Practice of Children With Coeliac Disease
Oskarsson, J., Myléus, A., & Mårild, K. (2022) · JPGN Reports · doi:10.1097/pg9.0000000000000191 · Cited by 5
“Long-term follow-up and prognosis of celiac hepatitis”
Garrido, I., Liberal, R., Peixoto, A., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002455 · Cited by 5
Tauschi, R., Eurén, A., Vuorela, N., Koskimaa, S., Huhtala, H., Kaukinen, K., Kivelä, L., & Kurppa, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1055135 · Cited by 5
“For example, DH has often been classified as a separate AID (34, 38), whereas we, like some other authors (39, 40) consider it an extraintestinal manifestation of CeD (1, 41).”
ResultShiha, M. G., Penny, H. A., & Sanders, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001806 · Cited by 5
Self-citationBody Mass Index during Gluten-Free Diet in Patients with Celiac Disease
Vereczkei, Z., Dergez, T., Fodor, Z., Szakács, Z., & Bajor, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163517 · Cited by 5
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes in Adult Italian Celiac Disease Patients
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“…of CD was based on serologic testing of celiac-specific antibodies (anti-transglutaminase IgA, or IgG in patients with IgA deficiency) and confirmed by duodenal multiple mucosal biopsies (at least four well-oriented samples, two taken from the duodenal bulb and two from the second portion) [12].”
Muhammad, H., Reeves, S., Ishaq, S., & Jeanes, Y. (2020) · Gastrointestinal Disorders · doi:10.3390/gidisord2030029 · Cited by 6
Celiac Disease Diagnosed after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
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“It is also known as the “Celiac Iceberg” because of its high hidden prevalence.”
BackgroundInfluentialŻochowska-Sobaniec, M., Jarocka‐Cyrta, E., Łotowska, J. M., & Sobaniec, P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030725 · Cited by 8
“Histological evaluation is used to examine the damage caused by the disease in the small intestine [9,10].”
Nationwide survey of coeliac disease serology testing in the UK
Alex, A., Hong, A. S., Dimmock, M., Zaman, M. I., Adam, M., Wild, G., Penny, H. A., Sanders, D. S., Whiting, P. F., Elwenspoek, M. M. C., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2025-001900 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSvolos, V., Triantafyllou, A., Charmantzis, G., Delliou, M., Nanti, M.-N., Moustaka, M., Bakasieta, E., Balafa, E., Strongylou, D. E., & Androutsos, O. (2025) · Gastrointestinal Disorders · doi:10.3390/gidisord7040067 · Cited by 4
“Testing for other antibodies, e.g., DGP and/or EMA, may be of added value [122].”
InfluentialSkjellerudsveen, B. M., Omdal, R., Hetta, A. K., Kvaløy, J. T., Aabakken, L., Skoie, I. M., & Grimstad, T. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1242512 · Cited by 5
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Self-citationHigh-resolution analysis of the treated coeliac disease microbiome reveals strain-level variation
Slager, J., Simpson, H. L., Gaćeša, R., Chen, L., Tan, I. L., Gelderloos-Arends, J., Maatman, A., Wijmenga, C., Zhernakova, A., Fu, J., et al. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2489071 · Cited by 4
“12 CeD presents a unique case in which the trigger and major contributing genetic factors are known yet not all HLA-DQ2-or -DQ8-positive individuals develop CeD, suggesting that other non-genetic factors contribute to its development.”
Kaul, S., Malik, R., Pandey, T., et al. (2025) · Indian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12664-025-01796-2 · Cited by 4
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“The diagnosis of celiac disease includes a serologic evaluation, endoscopy with small bowel biopsy (duodenum), and HLA testing in selected patients [146,147].”
Fragilidades no cuidado em saúde às pessoas com desordens relacionadas ao glúten
Crucinsky, J., Damião, J. D. J., & de Castro, I. R. R. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00244219 · Cited by 4
Olivier, C. E., Pinto, D. G., Teixeira, A. P. M., Santana, J. L. S., Santos, R. A. P. G., & Lima, R. P. S. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.24018/clinicmed.2022.3.2.175 · Cited by 4
“gluten proteins and their undigested peptides may trigger, in some individuals, hypersensitivity and autoimmune reactions able to produce debilitant diseases [12].”
BackgroundSevim, S., Gümüş, D., & Kızıl, M. (2023) · Akademik Gıda · doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1382929 · Cited by 5
Keeney, E., Elwenspoek, M. M. C., Jackson, J., Roadevin, C., Jones, H. E., O’Donnell, R., Sheppard, A. L., Dawson, S., Lane, D., Stubbs, J., et al. (2023) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2023.12.010 · Cited by 4
Quality of clinical guidelines: It matters as it impacts patient care
Levink, I. J. M., Balduzzi, A., Marafini, I., Kani, H. T., Maeda, Y., & Taskforce, U. G. (2024) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.12606 · Cited by 4
Foetal gluten immunogenic peptides during pregnancy: a new determinant on the coeliac exposome
Moreno, M. D. L., González-Rovira, M., Martínez-Pancorbo, C., Martín-Cameán, M., Nájar-Moyano, A. M., Romero, M., de la Hoz, E., López-Beltrán, C., Mellado, E., Bartha, J. L., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03495-9 · Cited by 4
“Following CD diagnosis, patients must follow a strict, life-long gluten-free diet (GFD), the only treatment currently available; this not only reduces disease symptoms but also allows for healing of the intestinal epithelium and prevents long-term complications [28–30].”
MethodKivelä, L., Lindfors, K., Lundin, K. E. A., & Størdal, K. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18234 · Cited by 4
“10 However, although serology correlates with the severity of duodenal damage at diagnosis, 11–13 its sensitivity to milder changes and persistent mucosal damage during gluten-free diet is insufficient, and it is of limited use at individual level to reflect duodenal damage.”
Self-citationScalvini, D., Scarcella, C., Mantica, G., Bartolotta, E., Maimaris, S., Fazzino, E., Biagi, F., & Schiepatti, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1501817 · Cited by 6
Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Celiac Patients: A Nested Cross-Sectional Study
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“The only currently accepted therapy for CD is a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) [3–5].”
An Overview of International Guidelines Focusing on the Long-Term Management of Coeliac Disease
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“Some guidelines suggest more extensive micronutrient testing on diagnosis with ongoing monitoring if there were initial concerns [18,51,53], while others suggested checking only if there were concerns.”
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“org with positive serology, a diagnosis of potential CD and symptoms attributable to CD, has also been confirmed in the most recent guidelines on the treatment of CD (17).”
BackgroundResultDATTAGUPTA, S., Makharia, G. K., Misra, V., Das, P., Vaiphei, K., Amarapurkar, A. D., Sakhuja, P., Nada, R., Paulose, R. R., Chaturvedi, R. A., et al. (2021) · Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology · doi:10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_1405_20 · Cited by 4
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Self-citationUpper Gastrointestinal Tract Associated Lesions in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease
Enache, I., Balaban, D. V., Vasilescu, F., Jurcuț, C., Radu, F. I., Popp, A., Matei, D. B., & Jinga, M. (2022) · Gastroenterology Insights · doi:10.3390/gastroent13010009 · Cited by 4
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“Although it is still the use of celiacrelated antibody detection tests as the first step of screening in symptomatic patients [3], however, the increase in serum levels of anti-tTG in various diseases and conditions such as autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, infections, tumors, injuries myocardium, liver disorder…”
BackgroundInfluentialNutrition and oral health in children with recently and previously diagnosed celiac disease
Bulut, M., Tokuç, M., Aydın, M. N., et al. (2023) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-023-04971-x · Cited by 4
“With a diagnosis of CD, the patient should be started on a strict gluten-free diet and the type of food consumed, the amount and frequency of consumption should be kept under control [29].”
BackgroundMethodPotential determinants of vaccine hesitancy among celiac disease patients: a single cohort analysis
Rehman, S., Rehman, E., & Holý, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061617 · Cited by 4
“The European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) believes that there is a possibility that celiac disease is accompanied by hyposplenism or functional asplenia, which might decrease immunity to encapsulated bacteria and raise the chance of contracting such pathogens (24).”
BackgroundSmall Bowel Imaging in Celiac Disease: Is there a role for Small Bowel Ultrasound?
Rossi, R. E., Busacca, A., Brandaleone, L., et al. (2023) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-023-00907-3 · Cited by 4
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“Factors such as infection, drugs, alpha interferons, and surgery have also been shown to play a role in triggering the disease [9].”
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Galli, G., Esposito, G., Dilaghi, E., Annibale, B., Lahner, E., & Conti, L. (2021) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2021.01.007 · Cited by 4
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May Antitransglutaminase Levels Predict Severity of Duodenal Lesions in Adults with Celiac Disease?
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Panintestinal capsule endoscopy in patients with celiac disease
Foerster, F., & Neumann, H. (2021) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002205 · Cited by 4
Celiac disease is increased in esophageal squamous cell Carcinoma
Poyrazoğlu, B., & Dülger, A. C. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.37.5.2757 · Cited by 4
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Optimising the Diagnosis of Adult Coeliac Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Shiha, M. G., Hadjisavvas, N., Sanders, D. S., & Penny, H. A. (2024) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2024.0362 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLenti, M. V., Pala, D., Aronico, N., Dagliati, A., Bianchi, P. I., Santacroce, G., Quaglini, S., Lanzola, G., Corazza, G. R., Sabatino, A. D., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2025.05.020 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMalignancies in Celiac Disease—A Hidden Threat with Diagnostic Pitfalls
Kubas, A., & Małecka-Wojciesko, E. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13061507 · Cited by 5
Moustakli, E., Christopoulos, P., Potiris, A., Zikopoulos, A., Drakaki, Ε., Karampitsakos, T., Anagnostaki, I., Kathopoulis, N., Katopodis, P., Galani, A., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132215 · Cited by 3
“This overrepresentation raises the possibility that immunological dysregulation linked to gluten-related disorders, particularly in patients with celiac disease (CD), may be a significant and under-recognized factor in female reproductive failure [20].”
Distinct systemic and gut IgA responses to bacteria of the human upper gastrointestinal tract
Vaz, F., Lindeman, I., Hoffmann, H. H., Skagen, C., Steffensen, A. K., Bjørnholt, J. V., Tjønnfjord, G. E., Lundin, K. E. A., Sollid, L. M., & Iversen, R. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117721 · Cited by 3
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Timing the Scan: Optimizing Screening for Osteoporosis and Risk of Fracture in Celiac Disease
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“Potential CeD was de fi ned by persistent serological positivity for both antitransglutaminase IgA and antiendomysium IgA, con fi rmed by 2 determinations at least 6 weeks apart, presence of human leukocyte antigen-DQ2/DQ8 and absence of histological abnormalities (4,5,14).”
Trends in non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: a self-managed problem?
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“Therefore, patients with CD are often advised to seek dietetic support and join disease-specific support groups [16].”
Self-citationManagement Strategy for Non-Responsive and Refractory Celiac Disease in Adults: A Review Article
Al-Toma, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14196934 · Cited by 4
Self-citationCeliac disease in children with focus on symptoms and quality of life
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Celiac Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies
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What is new in the management of coeliac disease?
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Self-citationLactiplantibacillus plantarum Moderating Effect on Autoimmune Celiac Disease Triggers
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Duodenal Biopsies for Coeliac Disease: Does Size Matter?
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Primary amenorrhoea as a manifestation of coeliac disease
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ÇÖLYAK HASTALIĞINDA MİKRO BESİN ÖGESİ EKSİKLİKLERİ VE BESLENME ÖNERİLERİ
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Al-Toma, A., Volta, U., Auricchio, R., Castillejo, G., Sanders, D. S., Cellier, C., Mulder, C. J., & Lundin, K. E. A.
- Affiliations
- St. Antonius Ziekenhuis (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (ES)
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital (GB)
- Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (FR)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Al-Toma, Abdulbaqi
- ORCID
- Venue
- United European Gastroenterology Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 583-613
- ISSN
- 2050-6406 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-6414
- PMC
- PMC6545713
- OpenAlex
- W2937921992
- Cited by
- 1,012
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 93.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- United European Gastroenterology Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
- Keywords
- celiac disease, gluten-related disorders, gluten-free diet, serological testing, duodenal biopsy, refractory celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, ataxia, dietary adherence, undiagnosed celiac disease, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Celiac Disease, Child, Dermatitis Herpetiformis, Humans, Immunotherapy, Quality of Life, Dietary Supplements, Diet, Gluten-Free
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