ICD–11 Complex PTSD in U.S. National and Veteran Samples: Prevalence and Structural Associations With PTSD
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The 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD–11) is under development, and current proposals include major changes to trauma-related psychiatric diagnoses, including a heavily restricted definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the addition of complex PTSD (CPTSD). We aimed to test the postulates of CPTSD in samples of 2,695 community participants and 323 trauma-exposed military veterans. CPTSD prevalence estimates were 0.6% and 13% in the community and veteran samples, respectively; one quarter to one half of those with PTSD met criteria for CPTSD. There were no differences in trauma exposure across diagnoses. A factor mixture model with two latent dimensional variables and four latent classes provided the best fit in both samples: Classes differed by their level of symptom severity but did not differ as a function of the proposed PTSD versus CPTSD diagnoses. These findings should raise concerns about the distinctions between CPTSD and PTSD proposed for ICD–11.
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In this trauma-exposed sample, BPD symptoms appeared to represent a high severity sub-type of cPTSD.
“in this trauma-exposed sample BPD symptoms appeared to represent a high severity sub-type of cPTSD, similar to prior results for PTSD and cPTSD [190].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [190]
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References 52 · Cited by 188
- Authors
- Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- New England Research Institutes (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-02
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 215-229
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC4350783
- OpenAlex
- W2157947844
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 11.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (CDA-2-067-10S, I01 CX000431)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000062)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018869)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR029882)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- complex PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder, ICD-11, diagnostic classification, military veterans, trauma exposure, prevalence, symptom severity, latent class structure
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