The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Selecting a Grounded Theory Approach for Nursing Research
Open accessAbstract
Grounded theory is a commonly used research methodology. There are three primary approaches to grounded theory in nursing research: those espoused by Glaser, Strauss and Corbin, and Charmaz. All three approaches use similar procedures, yet there are important differences among them, which implies that researchers need to make careful choices when using grounded theory. Researchers new to grounded theory need to find the most appropriate approach that fits their research field, topic, and researcher position. In this article, we compare the three grounded theory approaches. Choices of a grounded theory approach will depend on the researcher’s understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of all three approaches. Practical aspects of grounded theory approaches should match the information processing styles and analytical abilities of the researcher and the intended use of the theory. We illustrate key aspects of decision making about which method to select by drawing upon the first author’s experiences in his doctoral research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This impact affects both the quality criteria applied to research projects (Bøttcher Berthelsen, 2018) and the outcomes of the resulting grounded theory (Singh and Estefan, 2018).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Singh and Estefan, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449
(1998) · Sage eBooks · Cited by 38,631
Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques
Long, D. R., Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1993) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/328955 · Cited by 17,625
(2014) · Cited by 15,747
Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis
Boyle, C., & Barker, A. (2006) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2006.1.2.36 · Cited by 11,844 · cited 2×
“Charmaz introduced a constructivist perspective to grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2006, 2014).”
BackgroundMethod(1998) · Cited by 9,332
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,077
The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research
(2009) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13522750910948815 · Cited by 2,359
Thornberg, R. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.581686 · Cited by 668 · cited 1×
“Glaser’s rejection of the researcher taking a philosophical position has been criticized as naïve because Glaser’s advocacy for and use of pure induction—letting data speak for themselves—is grounded in positivism (Thornberg, 2012).”
BackgroundUsing Grounded Theory in Nursing
Barnsteiner, J. (2002) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.24041.x · Cited by 291
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burns, M., Bally, J., Burles, M., Holtslander, L., & Peacock, S. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221077758 · Cited by 174
“…variety of available approaches to each, make choosing an appropriate methodology challenging for researchers, especially novice ones (Green, 2014; Singh & Estefan, 2018; Starks & Brown Trinidad, Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative…”
BackgroundUrcia, I. A. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211045474 · Cited by 120
“of subjectivism that meanings are shared subjectively by researcher and participants (Duchscher & Morgan, 2004; Rieger, 2019; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundChallenges in achieving effective high-level disinfection in endoscope reprocessing
Ofstead, C. L., Hopkins, K. M., Buro, B. L., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.09.013 · Cited by 52
Atkin, A. L., & Jackson, K. F. (2020) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696820914091 · Cited by 41
“…to constructivist grounded theory analysis, the personal and professional experiences of both authors were exchanged and discussed during these meetings to aid in new understanding of parental support by challenging and contributing further evidence to emerging themes (Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundLeclerc, L., Kennedy, K., & Campis, S. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13154 · Cited by 50
Jadidi, A., Khodaveisi, M., Sadeghian, E., et al. (2021) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v31i3.16 · Cited by 34
Ashcroft, R., Menear, M., Greenblatt, A., Silveira, J., Dahrouge, S., Sunderji, N., Emode, M., Booton, J., Muchenje, M., Cooper, R. B., et al. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13242 · Cited by 51
Kondapaka, P., Khanra, S., Malik, A., Kagzi, M., & Hemachandran, K. (2023) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-06-2022-0134 · Cited by 30
Cavolo, A., de Casterlé, B. D., Naulaers, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-021-00702-7 · Cited by 28
“Methods As we were interested in how Belgian neonatologists use ethical principles in their clinical–ethical decisionmaking regarding EPI resuscitation, we used a qualitative design supported by the Grounded Theory approach [27, 28].”
MethodOpioid use disorder in pregnancy: leveraging provider perceptions to inform comprehensive treatment
Titus-Glover, D., Shaya, F. T., Welsh, C., Qato, D. M., Shah, S., Gressler, L. E., & Vivrette, R. L. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06182-0 · Cited by 28
“All interviews were transcribed verbatim by a professional agency and analyzed according to an inductive grounded theory approach [42, 43].”
MethodTheory utilization in applied qualitative nursing research
Chiu, P., Thorne, S. E., Schick‐Makaroff, K., & Cummings, G. G. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15456 · Cited by 25
Natural language processing (NLP) aided qualitative method in health research
Cheligeer, C., Yang, L., Nandi, T., Doktorchik, C. T. A., Quan, H., Zeng, Y., & Singh, S. (2022) · Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science · doi:10.3233/jid-220013 · Cited by 28
“The other main objective of grounded theory in healthcare is to help health practitioners and nurses acquire knowledge about healthcare and use it effectively (S. Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
Self-citationClassic grounded theory: identifying the main concern
Connor, J., Flenady, T., Massey, D. L., & Dwyer, T. (2024) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22381 · Cited by 34
Harrad-Hyde, F., Armstrong, N., & Williams, C. (2022) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afac171 · Cited by 21
Understanding Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist Grounded Theory Approaches
Rakhmawati, W. (2019) · Belitung Nursing Journal · doi:10.33546/bnj.754 · Cited by 19
“…approaches have derived from the root of grounded theory’s philosophy, they have similarities of common origin of methodology, such as obtaining data from natural setting, applying theoretical sampling as an analytic tool, and doing data collection and analysis simultaneous (Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodAshcroft, R., Menear, M., Silveira, J., Dahrouge, S., Emode, M., Booton, J., & McKenzie, K. J. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01492-5 · Cited by 23
“Doing” Intergenerational Friendship: Challenging the Dominance of Age Homophily in Friendship
O’Dare, C. E., Timonen, V., & Conlon, C. (2020) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980819000618 · Cited by 21
“Smart (2007) stressed the importance of a personal life approach in social research; as a personal life is “lived in many different places and spaces.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHow young children learn independent asthma self-management: a qualitative study in Malaysia
Ramdzan, S. N., Khoo, E. M., Liew, S. M., et al. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-318127 · Cited by 16
How to Save a Life: Vital Clues From Men Who Have Attempted Suicide
Oliffe, J. L., Ferlatte, O., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Seidler, Z. E., Kealy, D., & Rice, S. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320975747 · Cited by 18
“Premised on realities being socially constructed and knowledge cocreated, constructivist grounded theory, inclusive of intensive interviewing to attend to participants’ stories, informed the current study design (Rieger, 2019; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundWiercigroch, D., Hoyeck, P., Sheikh, H., & Hulme, J. (2021) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00443-1 · Cited by 16
“Constructivist grounded theory is increasingly used to understand health care processes, particularly in nursing research [22].”
BackgroundGranqvist, K., Åhlström, L., Karlsson, J., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.09.023 · Cited by 16
Bobbink, P., Larkin, P., & Probst, S. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100199 · Cited by 15
“This impact affects both the quality criteria applied to research projects (B ø ttcher Berthelsen, 2018) and the outcomes of the resulting grounded theory (Singh and Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundThe Utility of Constructivist Grounded Theory in Critical Policy Analysis
Sebeelo, T. B. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221090057 · Cited by 15
More Than One Way to Pivot: The Case for Opportunity and Survival Pivots
Allen, J. S., Combs, J. G., Carr, J. C., Michaelis, T. L., & Joseph, D. L. (2024) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063241236763 · Cited by 17
“…that guided Study 1 involves collecting and coding data, identifying evolving themes and patterns, comparing these with established literature, and repeating the process until theoretical saturation emerges around new insights (e.g., Charmaz, 2014; Gioia et al., 2013; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
Harrad-Hyde, F., Armstrong, N., & Williams, C. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211059343 · Cited by 15
King, R., Oprescu, F., Lord, B., Flanagan, B., & Downer, T. (2023) · Paramedicine · doi:10.1177/27536386231163721 · Cited by 15
“Charmaz’s constructivist version of GT embraces the position of the researcher as being a co-constructor of data; rather than as an objective collector.(53) Their experience and knowledge are valued as this promotes enhanced sensitivity towards concepts of relevance to the topic of investigation.”
BackgroundCavolo, A., de Casterlé, B. D., Naulaers, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.852073 · Cited by 14
“Study Design We performed a qualitative study, employing a constructivist view of the Grounded Theory (17, 18).”
MethodUsing Grounded Theory Method in Social Media Studies: A Scoping Review
Galea, G., Mainey, L., & Chugh, R. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069251328155 · Cited by 15
“The fi rst generation of GT, known as Classic GT (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), typically holds positivist assumptions (Sebastian, 2019; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
Bobbink, P., Larkin, P. J., & Probst, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042605 · Cited by 13
“50 To provide a congruent method between the principal investigator and the research field, a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) 51 52 was chosen.”
MethodBroekema, S., Paans, W., Oosterhoff, A. T., Roodbol, P. F., & Luttik, M. L. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13089 · Cited by 13
Lost and changed meaning in life of people with Long Covid: a qualitative study
Lieberwerth, M., & Niemeijer, A. R. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2289668 · Cited by 13
A humanistic-care factors application hierarchical design-model for intelligent elderly products
Zhou, Z., Wang, L., Ye, R., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13734 · Cited by 12
“Axial coding Axial coding is a complex process of linking approximate codes together through continuous comparison based on open coding [36].”
BackgroundZhou, L., Chankoson, T., Wu, Y., & Cai, E. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01338-1 · Cited by 12
“Being reflexive is important in CGT and theoretical memos were written to record the author’s thoughts, participants’ nonverbal cues, theoretical questions, and coding summaries [41].”
BackgroundKumar, S., Mohanraj, R., Thailavathy, V., Chakkaravarthi, S., & Thiruvenkatachari, B. (2024) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/10556656241298217 · Cited by 13
“19,20 According to this, researchers remain true to the data while maintaining objectivity.”
Analysis of network public opinion on COVID-19 epidemic based on the WSR theory
Yang, K., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Huang, X. M., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1104031 · Cited by 11
“This places higher demands on the researchers’ ability to make objective judgments and their research experience, and there may be subjective bias in the research process (46).”
BackgroundAfkhami, A., Isfahani, A. N., Abzari, M., & Teimouri, H. (2019) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-019-00141-4 · Cited by 11
Explaining the process of formation of ageism among the iranian older adults
Yaghoobzadeh, A., Asgari, P., Nasrabadi, A. N., Mirlashari, J., & Navab, E. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01153-y · Cited by 10
“Thus, grounded theory methods provide an opportunity to move beyond descriptions of qualitative data and extend to theorizing about the actions and processes in specific contexts, which aligns with the goals of our process-focused research question [24].”
BackgroundGenna, C., Thekkan, K. R., Geremia, C., Furia, M. D., Campana, A., Dall’Oglio, I., Tiozzo, E., & Gawronski, O. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16502 · Cited by 11
Ivany, A. S., Schminkey, D. L., & Munro‐Kramer, M. L. (2021) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936211008163 · Cited by 10
“Constructivist grounded theory values the perspectives and experiences of the researcher and posits that multiple realities are possible, instead of one objective reality as in positivist methodologies (Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundThe four Cs of physician leadership: A key to academic physician success
Collins, R. T., Purkey, N. J., Singh, M., DeSantis, A. D., & Sanford, R. (2024) · Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare · doi:10.4081/qrmh.2024.11519 · Cited by 9
“The study interviewer completed the initial inductive coding phase for all transcripts and assigned topical codes for sections throughout the texts (Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
MethodRodrigues, P., Ostyn, J., Mroz, S., et al. (2022) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951522001559 · Cited by 9
Taylor, P. (2020) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/2333393619900893 · Cited by 14
“The primary or complete method was GT and the secondary or supplementary approach was PV. GT represented the complete method due to its defining characteristic to develop substantive theory (Singh & Estefan, 2018; Wuest, 2012), the goal and intended outcome of the present study.”
MethodZhou, S., Li, K., Ogihara, A., & Wang, X. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221102246 · Cited by 12
“This applies to health care research.(29,30) Interview data were uploaded via digital media and transcribed using standard operating procedures to ensure participant confidentiality.”
MethodHospital transfers from care homes: conceptualising staff decision-making as a form of risk work
Harrad-Hyde, F., Williams, C., & Armstrong, N. (2022) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2022.2133094 · Cited by 8
“In line with the Straussian approach to grounded theory (Singh & Estefan, 2018), we analysed data in three steps using the constant comparative method (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007).”
MethodNilsson, E., Johanson, S., Behm, L., & Bejerholm, U. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01340-7 · Cited by 11
“Data analysis The coding process was based on theoretical sampling, coding, constant comparison, identification and data saturation [36, 37].”
BackgroundMethodUncovering Ethical Dilemmas in International Service-Learning: A Grounded Theory
Dholakia, K. H., Willgens, A. M., Rubertone, P. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/jte.0000000000000179 · Cited by 8
“Data were analyzed using Charmaz’ 3-tier coding process: initial, focused, and theoretical.(45,47) Initial codes were assigned to define a segment of the data, which progressed to focused coding to synthesize concepts.”
MethodSpiritual Care in the Intensive Care Unit
Willemse, S., Smeets, W., van Leeuwen, E., Heldens, J., ten Napel-Roos, N., & Foudraine, N. A. (2023) · Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1097/dcc.0000000000000570 · Cited by 9
Titus-Glover, D., Shaya, F. T., Welsh, C., et al. (2024) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342231221055 · Cited by 8
“40 Transcripts were transcribed verbatim by an outside agency.”
MethodHoffman, S. J., & Fredkove, W. M. (2023) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000506 · Cited by 7
Applying Grounded Theory in Hospitality and Tourism Research: Critical Reflections
Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80117-546-320221017 · Cited by 7
Exploring team collective voice: the case of software development teams in Vietnam
Hoang, A. L., Phan, A. T. T., Dong, D. X., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-02-2022-0036 · Cited by 7
Understanding the Ethnic Self: A Qualitative Study of 1.5 Generation Korean American Immigrants
Park, I. Y., & Scott, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/1006 · Cited by 9
“The researchers used a conditional matrix to trace the impact of conditions at different levels inductively and deepen the understanding of the phenomenon (Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
MethodConnor, J., Flenady, T., Dwyer, T., & Massey, D. L. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104989 · Cited by 8
The Ethics of Electronic Tracking Devices in Dementia Care: An Interview Study with Developers
Howes, J., Denier, Y., Vandemeulebroucke, T., & Gastmans, C. (2024) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-024-00478-0 · Cited by 5
“We used a qualitative study design based on a constructivist account of grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
Santos, G. A., Laranjeira, C., Carreira, L., Baldissera, V. D. A., Tostes, M. F. D. P., Meireles, V. C., Ageno, R. S., & Salci, M. A. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70409 · Cited by 5
“The chosen CGT prioritizes the phenomena under study and sees both data and analyses as having been generated from shared experiences and relationships with the participants [41 – 43].”
Navigating asthma—the immigrant child in a tug‐of‐war: A constructivist grounded theory
Sudarsan, I., Hoare, K., Sheridan, N., & Roberts, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16521 · Cited by 5
Bally, J. M. G., Bullin, C., Oswal, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2281100 · Cited by 5
“Charmaz’s [8] approach to grounded theory identifies personal and professional experiences of the participants, enhancing the knowledge of the extant literature to challenge established viewpoints and aid in a new understanding of a phenomenon under study [9].”
BackgroundTheoretical sensitivity and reflexivity in grounded theory.
Hughes, A., & Mcsherry, W. (2024) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr.2024.e1936 · Cited by 5
Bobbink, P., Gschwind, G., Larkin, P. J., & Probst, S. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241285692 · Cited by 5
“This approach allows an active engagement by the researcher, or research team, throughout the entire process of investigation and theory generation (Singh & Estefan, 2018), resulting in a contextualized co-constructed theory (Bryant, 2017).”
Being Uncertain: Rural-Living Cardiac Patients’ Experience of Seeking Health Care
Lowe, E., Banner, D., Estefan, A., & King‐Shier, K. M. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211005431 · Cited by 5
“…(Corbin & Strauss, 2015) because provides a well-articulated and systematic approach (which is helpful to the novice researcher), and acknowledges potential subjective researcher bias while enabling the researcher to achieve a level of objectivity (Kenny & Fourie, 2015; Singh & Estefan, 2018)”
BackgroundSelf-citationSignificado de ser cuidador de pessoa com oxigenoterapia domiciliar: Grounded Theory
de Castro, O., Lima, R. S., Sanches, R. S., et al. (2020) · Revista de Enfermagem do Centro-Oeste Mineiro · doi:10.19175/recom.v10i0.3607 · Cited by 5
Rodrigues, P., Ostyn, J., Mroz, S., et al. (2022) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003395 · Cited by 5
The Application of Classic Grounded Theory in Nursing Studies: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Connor, J., Flenady, T., Dwyer, T., & Massey, D. L. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.17022 · Cited by 5
“Nurses' require new knowledge to address challenges of meeting the dynamic healthcare needs of society (Singh and Estefan 2018), and GT researchers generate new nursing knowledge derived from real interactions with stakeholders and end users as well as other key elements of nursing practice.”
Paradis-Gagné, É., Holmes, D., Bernheim, E., & Cader, M. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2265468 · Cited by 4
“According to Singh and Estefan (2018, p. 1): “grounded theory helps nurses to understand, develop, and utilize real-world knowledge about health concerns.”
BackgroundBest Practices of Technology Business Incubators in the Philippines
Alinsunod, J. P. (2019) · International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering · doi:10.30534/ijatcse/2019/70852019 · Cited by 4
An Exploration of Characteristics and Behavioral Traits of DAISY Honorees and Nominees
Nair, J. M., Merring, P., Jones, B., & Güney, S. (2020) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000962 · Cited by 5
A Mixed-Method Social Network Analysis of Low-Income Diverse Older Volunteers
Cao, Q., Dabelko‐Schoeny, H., Warren, K. L., & Lee, M. Y. (2023) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648231193292 · Cited by 4
“Rather than making an unrealistic assumption regarding researchers ’ objectivity, constructivist GT viewed the subjectivity of researchers as a tool and encouraged researchers to discuss how their identities shape the research process (Singh and Estefan, 2018).”
BackgroundFàbregues, S., Arellano, A., Younas, A., Vicente, E., Berástegui, A., Casas, A., Escalante-Barrios, E., Andrés-Gárriz, C., & Mumbardó-Adam, C. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325919 · Cited by 2
Genna, C., Thekkan, K. R., Dall’Oglio, I., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.70090 · Cited by 3
“Charmaz viewed research as a collective and constructive process involving researchers and the participants in constant interaction to unfold the multiple perspectives of participants and interpret the phenomenon of interest (Charmaz 2014; Singh and Estefan 2018).”
Wright, R. C., Polivka, B. J., & Villwock, J. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30537 · Cited by 3
The National Budget Circular 461: Emerging trends in Philippines higher education promotion system
Esponilla, F. D., Tolentino, L. K. S., Barbacena, C. B., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v9i4.20822 · Cited by 3
“The qualitative phase was the in-depth data analysis through open coding [46-49], selective coding [49-51], and axial coding [52-54] in the Delphi round 1 survey results.”
MethodXu, X., Tan, Y., & Feng, C. Q. (2022) · Natural Resources Forum · doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12261 · Cited by 3
Fostering Hope: Comprehensive Accessible Mother-Infant Dyad Care for Neonatal Abstinence (CAIN)
Clarke, D., Foss, K., Lifeso, N., & Hicks, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101517 · Cited by 3
“In other words, this approach considers previous personal and professional experiences of the researchers [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialAneni, K., Ijeli, C., Cardona, L., Calhoun, A. J., Reiss, D., Benoit, L., & Martin, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12885 · Cited by 3
Bridges to Civic Health: Enhancing Shared Service-Learning Collaboration in Nursing and History
Sundberg, A. D., & Koehler, E. (2022) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/10538259221146745 · Cited by 3
“Grounded theory has been used in both service-learning and population-health nursing research (Deeley, 2010; Singh & Estefan, 2018).”
MethodCauses and Consequences of Iranian Elite Athletes’ International Migrations
Salimi, M., Khodaparast, M., & Nikou, P. S. (2023) · Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research · doi:10.2478/pcssr-2024-0004 · Cited by 5
The Challenges Experienced by ICU Nurses in Kuwait during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Haddad, A. A., Arber, A., Cox, A., & Gallagher, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100226 · Cited by 3
“Using Charmaz ’ s grounded theory ensured that the analysis was primarily grounded in the nurses ’ reported experiences, whilst also encouraging the analyst to draw upon prior insight and utilise creative interpretation (Singh and Estefan, 2018).”
MethodFleet, D., & Reeves, A. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12642 · Cited by 3
Strategic human resource management: Lived experiences
Wahitu, F. H., & Gladys, M. (2025) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2869 · Cited by 2
“As Singh and Estefan (2018) emphasise, we were drawn to the GT because we sought to further understand the implementation of SHRM and utilise real-world experiences of it, to develop a theory to explain the complex relationship between SHRM and organisational goal attainment.”
Harrad-Hyde, F., Williams, C., & Armstrong, N. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118012 · Cited by 2
Illegal urban wild meat supply chain characterization: A case study on zoonosis in Lusaka, Zambia
Mukanganwa, B. A., Mukuma, M., Shindano, J., & Moonga, H. B. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342396 · Cited by 3
“Grounded theory uses the inductive method of coding [54], which has the advantage of reducing study bias [55].”
Review of Grounded Theory for Mental Health Service and Migrant Health Research
Barbo, G. (2024) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/14888 · Cited by 2
Asgharinajib, M., Feiz, D., Minbashrazgah, M. M., et al. (2025) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2025.100700 · Cited by 2
Kotz, J., Reid, C. L., Robinson, M., et al. (2025) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423624000665 · Cited by 2
“This required being aware that changing context or perspectives of reality impact analysis and that personal knowledge, in this case, Indigenous peoples ’ knowledge and experience aided the knowing (Singh and Estefan, 2018).”
Just Listen! The importance of listening in foreign correspondents–governments relationships
Bejerano, A., & Magen, C. (2023) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849231166752 · Cited by 1
“Scholars claim that the interactive process and its temporal, cultural, and structural contexts assist in discovering realities and constructing a theory based on the interpretation of the participants ’ stories (Singh et al., 2018).”
BackgroundWork Values and Teaching Performance of Physical Education Teachers in Secondary Schools
Sabido, G. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0031 · Cited by 1
Reducing PTSD in mass medical events: An immediate preventive intervention
Yaakobi, E., Kaufman, E., & Rivkind, A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116224 · Cited by 1
Migration Experiences and Mental Health of Older Latin American Immigrants in Australia
Hormazábal‐Salgado, R., Whitehead, D., Osman, A. D., & Hills, D. (2024) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-024-01213-1 · Cited by 1
“According to Singh and Estefan (2018), in this approach, the researcher acknowledges multiple perspectives of reality, utilising their knowledge and experience to guide the process.”
Jones, C., & Greene, G. (2025) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.70031 · Cited by 1
Becoming Transdisciplinary: Towards a Grounded Theory of Graduate Student Development
Miller, C., & Cruz, L. E. (2025) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-025-09825-w · Cited by 1
“…grounded theory (CGT) (2006, 2015), which emphasizes that knowledge or insight is constructed by individuals in ways that are likely to differ based on personal characteristics and epistemological context (Burns et al., 2022; Mills et al., 2006a, 2006b; Singh & Estefan, 2018; Thornberg, 2017).”
Exploring the Nursing Care Process for Patients with COVID-19: A Grounded Theory Study
Karimi, Z., Saeedinejad, Z., Fereidouni, Z., Behnammoghadam, M., Mirzaee, M. S., Mousavizadeh, A., & Fazelniya, Z. (2022) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/18744346-v16-e2203290 · Cited by 1
Aciro, R., Oriangi, G., Onen, D., et al. (2023) · East African Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.37284/eajes.6.1.1172 · Cited by 1
Family Members’ Explanatory Models of Cancer Anorexia–Cachexia
McClement, S. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161610 · Cited by 1
“A three-stage process was used [25].”
Grounded Theory for a Doctoral Thesis
Chakabwata, W. (2024) · Advances in library and information science (ALIS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3069-2.ch009 · Cited by 2
Aryal, A., Clarke‐Deelder, E., Afriyie, D. O., et al. (2025) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2025.100062 · Cited by 1
Lee, K., Kim, S., Lee, H., et al. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70246 · Cited by 1
“Ground theory is a qualitative research approach that helps researchers understand, identify patterns, and predict phenomena from empirical data related to health and practice concerns, etc. [19].”
Moore, P. E. (2020) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00456
Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, S., & Estefan, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Shaminder
- Venue
- Global Qualitative Nursing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 2333393618799571-2333393618799571
- ISSN
- 2333-3936 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6174650
- OpenAlex
- W2895681440
- Semantic Scholar
- 0abeb749241c853e9ed8c953201a9129c4b82195
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 23.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Qualitative Nursing Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary (Graduate Student Knowledge Translation Assistantsh)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- grounded theory, nursing research methodology, Glaser and Strauss, qualitative research approaches, methodological choices, researcher positionality, theory development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
