CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 33Architecture and Cultural InfluencesHistorical Turkish StudiesByzantine Studies and History

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Prousa/Bursa, a city within the city: chorography, conversion and choreography

Çağaptay, Suna·2011·Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
DOI 10.1179/030701311x12906801091593
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Narratives on the birth of the Ottoman city of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottomans, known to the Byzantines as Prousa, highlight its early Ottoman identity. Although Bursa represents one of the richest legacies of early Ottoman architecture, the city’s urban fabric has suffered from several fires and earthquakes that resulted in heavy restorations and remodellings. The first aim of this paper is to discuss the textual and visual evidence for the built environment in the early fourteenth century and, second, to offer commentary on the Ottoman attitude toward Byzantine architecture in an effort to unearth the Byzantine substrata of Ottoman Bursa. In the service of the latter goal, this article debunks the Ottoman-centric views. With the aid of drawings of Bursa’s upper city that predate the 1855 earthquake we may begin to visualize a city far less uniform in character, in which the Byzantine legacy both endured and informed the construction and urban design practices of the ascendant Ottomans.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1179/030701311x12906801091593

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Still being checked.

Research works printed but not linked: 114

  1. Kuran, 1968, The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture, 32
  2. Necipoğlu, 1992, Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present, 195
  3. Kandés, 1883, ‘H Προυσα, 59
  4. Krautheimer, 1984, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 382
  5. Efendi, 1919, Türk Hakimiyetinde Mûseviler, Dergâh Mecmuasi, 2, 21
  6. Nuti, 1999, Mappings, 90
  7. 10.2307/3249676 · DOI
  8. Eldem, 1963, Bursa’da Şehadet Camii Konusunda bir Araştirma, Türk Sanati Tarihi Arastirma ve İncelemeleri, 1, 313
  9. Pekalc M. S. , ‘Zeytinbağı (Trigleia) Bizans Dönemi Kiliseleri’ (unpublished PhD dissertation, Hacettepe University 1991)
  10. Lowry, 2003, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, 56, 10.1353/book4635 · DOI
  11. Watenpaugh, 2004, The Image of an Ottoman City: Imperial Architecture and Urban Experience in Aleppo in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 59, 10.1163/9789047404224 · DOI
  12. Grélois, 1998, Réalités Byzantinés, 6
  13. Krautheimer, 2000, Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308, 150
  14. Şerif, 1914, İbn Battuta, Seyabatname, I, 341
  15. Menthon, 1935, Une terre de légendes de Bithynie, 45
  16. Mansel, 1936, yalova ve Civari /Yalova und Umgebung, 57
  17. Cassas, 1805, Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoenicie, de la Palestine et de la Basse Égypte
  18. Dörner, 1957, Prusa ad-Olympium, Pauly Wissowa, 23, 1071
  19. Galatariotou, 1993, Travel and perception in Byzantium, DOP, 47, 221
  20. Gregoras, 1829, Byzantina Historia, I, 44
  21. Holly, 1996, Past Looking: Historical Imagination and the Rhetoric of the Image, xiii, 10.7591/9781501725692 · DOI
  22. Atsız, 1949, Aşıkpaşazade, Tevârih-i Al’î Osman, 112
  23. Pralong, 2003, La Bithynie au Moyen Âge. Géographie et habitat, 225
  24. Necipoğlu, 1991, Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace, 12
  25. Carr, 1998/1999, Correlative spaces: art, identity, and appropriation in Lusignan Cyprus, Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 14, 68
  26. 10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-647 · DOI
  27. Ayverdi, 1966, Istanbul Mi’marî Çağınm Menşe’i Osmanli Mi’mârîsininin İlk Devri (1230-1402), 107
  28. Lowry, 2003, Ottoman Bursa in Travel Accounts: 1326-1923, 123
  29. Ousterhout, 1999, Master Builders of Byzantium, 26
  30. Johnson, Baptistery, ODB, I, 252
  31. Vryonis, 1971, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of lslamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, 197
  32. Cahen, 1968, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071-1330, 155
  33. Pinatsi, 2006, New observations on the pavement of the church of Haghia Sophia in Nicaea, BZ, 99, 122
  34. Holub, 1992, Crossing Borders: Reception Theory, Poststructuralism, Deconstruction
  35. Harris, 2007, Representing Landscape Architecture: Images, Models, Words, 22
  36. Müller, 1883-1901, Claudii Ptolemaei geographia, I, 1
  37. Piaget, 1971, Biology and Knowledge
  38. Efendi, 1905, Hátira Yâhud Mir’ât-t Bursa, 22
  39. Said, 1978, Orientalism, xxii
  40. Hasluck, 1906, Bithynica, Annual of the British School at Athens, 13, 287
  41. Eyice, 1971, Corsi di cultura sull’Arte Ravennate e Bizantina, 1971, 313
  42. Tekinalp, 2010, Architecture of Byzantium and Kievan Rus from the 9th to the 12th centuries, 164
  43. Redford, 2004, Byzantium: Faith and Power, 1261-1557, 392
  44. Koyunluoğlu, 1935, İznik ve Bursa Tarihi
  45. Hasluck, 1929, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, 6
  46. Texier, 1864, Byzantine Architecture, 157
  47. Laurent B. St. , ‘Ottomanization and modernization: the architectural and urban development of Bursa and the genesis of tradition’, unpublished PhD dissertation (Harvard University 1989)
  48. Buchwald, 1979, Lascarid architecture, JOB, 28, 278
  49. Lowry, 2007, The Shaping of the Ottoman Balkans, 1350-1550: The Conquest, Settlement and lnfrastructural Development of Northern Greece
  50. 10.2307/25067096 · DOI
  51. 10.2307/1523187 · DOI
  52. Baykal, 1984, Milli Saraylar Sempozyumu, 21
  53. Kiourtzian, 2003, La Bithynie au Moyen Age, 43
  54. Kramer, 1988, Kämpferkapitelle mit Monogrammen Kaiser Juslinus und seiner Gemahlin, der Kaiserin Sophia in Yalova Kaphcalari, 178
  55. Cosgrove, 1999, Mappings, 7
  56. Tanpinar, 1946, Beş Şehir, 93
  57. Ousterhout, 2007, The Byzantine Monuments of Evros/Meriç Kiver Valley, 169
  58. Wulff, 1903, Die Koimesiskirche in Nicäa, 156
  59. Ćurčić, 1997, Secular Medieval Architecture in the halkans, 1300-1500, and its Preservation
  60. Öney, 1968, Anadolu Selçuklu Mimarisinde Antik Devir Malzemesi, Anadolu, 12, 17
  61. Köprülü, 1993, Bizans Miiessese-lerinin Osmanli Müesseselerine Te’siri Hakktnda Mülahazalar
  62. Unal, 2010, Hisarkeoloji
  63. Pachymeres, 1999, Relations historiques, III, 47
  64. Trachtenberg, 1997, Dominion of the Eye: Urbanism, Art, and Power in Early Modern Florence
  65. Hornvall, 1947, Carl Gustaf Löwenhielms Minnen
  66. Çağaptay, 2002, The church at Choma: a revisiting of the development of a regional style, Byzantine Studies Conference Abstracts, 28, 62
  67. İnalcık, 1981, The question of the emergence of the Ottoman State, International Journal of Turkish Studies, 2, 1
  68. Spon, 1724, Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant fait aux années 1675 et 1676, 432
  69. Kopytoff, 1986, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, 67
  70. Janin, 1975, Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 174, 10.2307/jj.7762584 · DOI
  71. Hammer, 1818, Umblick auf einer Reise von Constantinopel nach Brussa und von da zurück über Nicäa und Nicomedien, 48
  72. de Laborde, 1838, Voyage de l’Asie Mineure, 23
  73. Halpern, 1992, Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods, 183
  74. Hardy, 1889, C. Plinii Caeculii secundi Epistulae ad Traianum imperatorem, 109
  75. Orbay, 1983, Bursa, 35
  76. Grabar, 1987, The Formation of Islamic Art, 43
  77. Nelson, 1996, Critical Terms for Art History, 117
  78. Aktuğ-Kolay, 2002, The influence of Byzantine and local western Anatolian architecture on the 14th century architecture of the Turkish principalities, Sanat Tarihi Defterleri Special Volume - Okzident und Orient, 6, 199
  79. Nora, 1996, Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, xi
  80. Kafadar, 1995, Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, 589
  81. Buchan, 1879, Bondage and Travels, 40
  82. Necipoğlu, 1996, Cimetières et traditions funéraires dans le monde islamique: Acte du Colloque International, Istanbul 28-30 September 1991, 23
  83. Gabriel, 1958, Une capitale turque, Brousse-Bursa, 2, 5
  84. Humphreys, 1991, Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry, 273
  85. Necipoğlu, 1999, Essays in Honor of Aptullah Kuran, 23
  86. Eyice, 1963, Bursa’ da Osman ve Orhan Gazi Türbeleri, Vakiflar Dergisi, 5, 131
  87. Pralong, 2003, La Bithynie au Moyen Âge. Géographie et habitat, 134
  88. Bernard, 1842, Les bains de Brousse en Bithynie, 70
  89. 10.1163/157006503322487368 · DOI
  90. Kline, 1988, The Voyage d’ Outremer by Bertrandon de la Broquière, 136
  91. Demiriz, 2002, Örgülü Bizans Döşeme Mozaikleri, 15
  92. Barkan, 1988, Hüdavendigâr Livasi Tahrir Defterleri, 1
  93. Pancaroğlu, 1995, Architecture, landscape, and patronage in Bursa: the making of an Ottoman capital city, Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 20, 40
  94. Kafescioğlu, 2009, Constantinopolisllstanbul: Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital
  95. Bakirtzis, 2003, The urban continuity and size of late Byzantine Thessaloniki, DOP, 57, 45
  96. Ersoy, 2007, Architecture and the search for Ottoman origins in the Tanzimat Period, Muqarnas, 24, 79
  97. Çetin, 1999, Sicillere Göre Bursa’da İhtida Hareketleri ve Sosyal Sonuçlarti, 25
  98. Ådahl, 1993, C. G. Löwenhielm: Artist and Diplomat in Istanbul, 1824-1827, 27
  99. Lubenau, 1930, Beschreibung der Reisen des Reinhold Lubenau herasgegeben von W. Sams, 176
  100. Swift, 1951, Roman Sources of Christian Art
  101. 10.2307/1523255 · DOI
  102. Iser, 1978, The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response, 10.56021/9780801821011 · DOI
  103. Çelebi, 1989, Seyahatname, F. İz, 20
  104. Lampsides, 1984, Chronographia, 2, 7926
  105. Gabriel, Une capitale turque, I, 43
  106. 10.1098/rstl.1684.0001 · DOI
  107. Theolin, 2003, Bir Zamanlar Türkiye - Turkey as It Was. Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm Bir Isveç Elçisinin 1820’lerdeki Türkiye Albümü - A Swedish Diplomat’s Turkish Portfolio in the 1820’s, 9
  108. Crane, 1991, The Ottoman City and its Parts, 173
  109. Unat, 1945, Neşri in his Kitab-ı Cihan-Nüma, 1, 145
  110. Schmit, 1927, Die Koimesis-Kirche von Nikaia, das Bauwerk und die Mosaiken, 20
  111. Gökalp, 1977, Türkçülüğün Esasları
  112. 10.2307/25067103 · DOI
  113. Mango, 1973, Some churches and monasteries on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara, DOP, 18, 235
  114. Berktay, 1983, Cumhuriyet İdeolojisi ve Fuad Köprülü

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 33

Metadata

Authors
Çağaptay, S.
Affiliations
Bahçeşehir University (TR)
Corresponding author
Çağaptay, Suna
ORCID
Çağaptay, Suna
Venue
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2011
Volume
35
Issue
1
Pages
45-69
ISSN
  • 0307-0131 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-625X
DOI
10.1179/030701311x12906801091593
OpenAlex
W2044216171
Cited by
33
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI
2.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1847 d)
Locations
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Architecture and Cultural Influences
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Historical Turkish Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Byzantine Studies and History
Keywords
Bursa, early Ottoman architecture, urban fabric, 1855 earthquake, urban restoration, urban design, early fourteenth century

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Prousa/Bursa, a city within the city: chorography, conversion and choreography. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1179/030701311x12906801091593
The paper
Çağaptay, S. (2011). Prousa/Bursa, a city within the city: chorography, conversion and choreography. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. https://doi.org/10.1179/030701311x12906801091593