Not every polymorphism close to the AUG codon can be explained by invoking context effects on initiation of translation
Open accessAbstract
The −1C>T change in the annexin V gene, which reduces the risk of myocardial infarction,[1][1] cannot be explained as simply as your editorial note suggests.[2][2] The demonstration by Gonzalez-Conejero et al[1][1] that −1T increases the efficiency of translation might be correct (the fourth
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effect of +4G and downstream nucleotides on translation initiation has been inconclusive.
“First, while the -3R (site 4 in the first column of Table 5) has been demonstrated repeatedly to enhance translation initiation, the effect of +4G (site 10 in Table 5), as well as nucleotides downstream, on translation initiation has been inconclusive [46,49,50,51].”
From Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the letter “Not every polymorphism close to the AUG codon can be explained by invoking context effects on initiation of translation,” Kozak says mutagenesis experiments found that +4G makes one of the strongest contributions to translation initiation. That is contrary to describing the effect of +4G as inconclusive. The References section also identifies a study reporting that +4G augments initiation, while nucleotides at +5 and +6 generally do not affect it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is little evidence that +4G and downstream nucleotides contribute to translation initiation.
“There is little evidence that +4G and downstream nucleotides contribute to translation initiation.”
From Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the letter “Not every polymorphism close to the AUG codon can be explained by invoking context effects on initiation of translation” (page not supplied), Kozak says that G at +4 makes one of the strongest contributions to start-codon recognition. The paper also says downstream secondary structure can compensate for a suboptimal initiation context. Its caution about a particular −1 polymorphism does not support the broad claim that there is little evidence for a contribution from +4G. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe -3R has been demonstrated repeatedly to enhance translation initiation.
“First, while the -3R (site 4 in the first column of Table 5) has been demonstrated repeatedly to enhance translation initiation, the effect of +4G (site 10 in Table 5), as well as nucleotides downstream, on translation initiation has been inconclusive [46,49,50,51].”
From Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Gonzalez-Conejero R, Corral J, Roldan V, et al. A common polymorphism in the annexin V Kozak sequence (Ϫ1CϾT) increases translation efficiency and plasma levels of annexin V, and decreases the risk of myocardial infarction in young patients. Blood. 2002;100:2081-2086.
- Neufeld E. Starting out right: Kozak sequences and clots. Blood. 2002;100:1933.
- Kozak M. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell. 1986;44:283-292.
- Kozak M. Recognition of AUG and alternative initiator codons is augmented by G in position ϩ4 but is not generally affected by the nucleotides in positions ϩ5 and ϩ6. EMBO J. 1997;16:2482-2492.
- Kozak M. At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells. J Mol Biol. 1987;196:947-950.
- Kozak M. Evaluation of the fidelity of initiation of translation in reticulocyte ly- sates from commercial sources. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18:2828.
- Kozak M. Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene. 1999; 234:187-208. References
- Bagot M, Moretta M, Sivori S, et al. CD4 ϩ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells ex- press the P140-killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor. Blood. 2001; 97:1388- 1391.
- Nikolova M, Bagot M, Boumsell L, Bensussan A. Identification of cell surface molecules characterizing human cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymph. 2002;43:741-746.
- Mingari MC, Moretta A, Moretta L. Regulation of KIR expression in human T lymphocytes: a safety mechanism which may impair protective T cell re- sponses. Immunol Today. 1998;19:153-157.
- Gardiner CM, Guethlein LA, Shilling HG, et al. Different NK cell surface pheno- types defined by DX9 antibody are due to KIR3DL1 gene polymorphism. J Im- munol. 2001;166:2992-3001.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines
Xia, X. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9070734 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kozak, M.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kozak, Marilyn
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1202-1202
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2030058321
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- AUG codon, translation initiation, context effects, codon usage bias, start codon
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Polymorphism, Genetic, Protein Biosynthesis, Annexin A5, Codon, Initiator
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
