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History of diaphragm physiology: the achievements of Galen
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Galen (129-200 AD) produced a large written output which was to remain one of the major basis of clinical medicine for centuries. His contribution to respiration, reported in his own books and in those of Oribasius, was that of a chest physician and of an experimental physiologist.
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“Galen's most important books on respiration”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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“In chapter 3, he describes how to cut the intercostal muscles, one layer at a time, beginning on dead animals and developing the skill until it could be used on live animals [11].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. Frank RG Jr. Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980.
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“He then describes in detail the nerve supply of the diaphragm, from spinal roots C3 to C6 [23]”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] 23. Galen. On the Usefulness of Breathing (De usu respira- tionis). Book V, Chap. 9. In: Galen on respiration and the arteries. Translations by D.J. Furley and J.S. Wilkie. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.
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In the paper
“Taking a second animal and cutting the cervical nerveroots to the diaphragm, I immobilised the lower thorax at once while the intercostals remained active.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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“He explains exactly how to perform an experiment in which all the external intercostals are cut through, leaving intact the nerves, arteries, internal intercostals and pleural membrane.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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“For many of his experiments, he chose a large pig with a strong voice, and used the loudness of its cries to monitor activity of the organs that generate voice and respiration.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“He described in minute details how to perform a remarkable series of experiments by which he demonstrated the anatomy and function of the respiratory muscles.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Book VIII of”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“A skillful clinician, Galen applied his theories of the analysis of problems at the bedside, particularly in patients affected with dyspnoea which he attributed to respiratory muscle dysfunction.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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“Galen had modified Erasistratus's theory substantially by proving the arteries contained blood rather than air [7,8].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Siegel RE. Galen's System of Physiology and Medicine. Basel, S. Karger, 1968.
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- Not matchedcites [8] 8. Galen. On Anatomical Procedures (De Anatomicus Administrationibus). Book VII, Chap. 16, pp. 642-650, Kuhn. Translated with an introduction and notes by C. Singer. London, Oxford University Press, 1956.
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In the paper
“He described the actions of the diaphragm and how it moves the rib cage, in a series of spinal chord sections and muscle denervations.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“In fact, for Galen the air did not really provide extra fuel for the flame.It only provided a mechanism to regulate the combustion of the substrate by guiding the flame in an upward or downward direction and by adjusting the degree of warmth, which allowed the flame to be maintained.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“He taught physicians to observe motion of the chest wall to see which respiratory muscles were in use, and analysed dyspnoea according to a logic that began with observing which muscles were being used [29,30].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. De Troyer A. Respiratory muscle action. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 3, Vol. III. Mechanics of Breathing. Part 2. Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986.
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In the paper
“In other experiments and arguments, he showed conclusively that muscles were the major sources of movement, that they generated force in the direction of their fibres by contracting while thickening, that they could not actively extend themselves, and that they were disabled by cutting their nerves or their attachments [20].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. Galen. On the Affected Parts (De Locis Affectis). Translated by R.F. Siegel. Basel, S. Karger, 1976; Book IV, Chapter 7.
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In the paper
“When, however, the animal inhales with the aid of the upper muscles, the movement is plainly visible along the entire shoulder-blades as far as the top of the shoulder.But when it breathes with the diaphragm alone, the hypochondria swell at each inhalation and contract at each exhalation, the parts at the shoulder-blades remaining motionless.When only the intercostals are called into play, the”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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In the paper
“When the spinal cord was severed at the beginning of the thorax, which is between the 7th and 8th vertebrae, the animal fell and lay on its side, the lower parts of the thorax being moved by the diaphragm alone, which an animal uses for shallow breathing only.When, however, it needs to fetch deeper breaths, whether by reason of exhaustion, or fever, or because of the heat, or for some bodily dist”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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In the paper
“Among his detailed clinical histories is one about an athlete named Secundus, with a weak diaphragm, whose breathing he improved by putting a girdle around the hypochondrium, and one about a man who lost the function of his diaphragm after being kicked in the abdomen by a horse [29].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. De Troyer A. Respiratory muscle action. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 3, Vol. III. Mechanics of Breathing. Part 2. Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986.
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“Summarizing statements from”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28] 28. Duchenne de Boulogne GBA. Recherches électro- physiologiques, pathologiques et thérapeutiques sur le diaphragme. Paris, Félix Matteste, 1853.
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In the paper
“When the cord was cut at the beginning of the back, you will remember that the animal at once lay on its side, moving both parts of the thorax, the higher and lower but not the middle for, because of the need to inhale more deeply, the diaphragm alone did not suffice.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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In the paper
“He concludes the arrangement allows the ribs to protect both liver and diaphragm from injury [22].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Grmek MD. La première révolution biologique. Paris, Payot, 1990.
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In the paper
“You observed the animal, when the spinal cord was severed at the beginning of the back, falling down at once, lying on its side, remaining dumb, and its thorax devoid of movement, except below where it is moved by the action of the diaphragm.Also, you observed that the movement of the parts of the thorax is more clearly seen when all the surrounding skin has been removed.All the intercostal mus”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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“In the biological analogy, inspired air brought no new material to the innate heat, whose substrate was blood.As with the flame, the air produced movement and cooling needed to keep the innate heat in good order.Its action was only dynamic and qualitative.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“If the intercostal and neck accessories were active, he reasoned that either the innate heat was overactive (fever or exercise), or the airways were obstructed, or some of the respiratory muscles were weak.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. De Troyer A. Respiratory muscle action. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 3, Vol. III. Mechanics of Breathing. Part 2. Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [30]
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In the paper
“In”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Debru A. La pensée physiologique. Doctrines et langages de la respiration chez Galien dans le monde greco-romain. Paris, Thèse, 1990.
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In the paper
“So with the animal in this condition, as you know, I again cut the origins of the nerves descending into the diaphragm.Immediately the movement of the lower thorax ceased and the high muscles were forced into action, and the upper region of the thorax was clearly seen being dilated by them”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
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In the paper
“He expounds at some length the problem of how the lungs, supposed to be passive, could be expanded by a chest wall which is not attached to them:”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] 27. Bert P. Leçon sur la physique comparée de la respiration. Paris, J.B. Baillière et fils, 1870.
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In the paper
“He considered that dyspnoea could result when the diaphragm is either pulled downwards or put under pressure.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. De Troyer A. Respiratory muscle action. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 3, Vol. III. Mechanics of Breathing. Part 2. Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986.
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- Not matchedcites [30]
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“Interfering with these nerves, he found, suppressed not only the voice but also the power of expiration [15].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. Galen. On the Causes of Breathing (De Causis Respira- tionis). In: Galen on respiration and the arteries. Transla- tions by D.J. Furley and J.S. Wilkie. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.
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In the paper
“He rejected many of the metaphysical ideas of respiration that were current at the time, but accepted the dominating force of the”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“The diaphragm, however, though lower than the intercostals, is not paralysed, because the origin of its nerves is above the thorax.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“He thought inspired air, or pneuma, permeated the wall of the pulmonary vein, mingled with blood and went into the left ventricle.There it met newly formed blood from the liver, that had crossed through the interventricular septum.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“He investigated the passive or active nature of expiration and made fine observations of lung movements through the exposed pleural space.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
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In the paper
“The muscle investigations were performed in the 19th century by BEAU and MAISSIAT [36], BERT [37] and DUCHENNE de Boulogne [38] and again in the last part of this century.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His remarkable work on the diaphragm was not quoted again in any detail until the 18th century, and the experiments themselves were regularly forgotten and repeated in one form or another.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many scholars preferred the authority of Aristotle's view from 400 yrs earlier that the heart imparts motion to the lungs, which then expand and force the chest to follow them.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He said there was no change in bag volume or in the condition of the subject over some hours, and concluded that vital combustion did not consume significant amounts of air.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His own example and teaching emphasized that biological concepts need to be verified by observation, and can be challenged and modified.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following concepts from Aristotle's physics, Galen deduced that since air was not absorbed quantitatively, there was a peculiar quality of the pneuma that was absorbed by the body in the process of respiration:”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He made repeated observations over several days on the behaviour of her pulse when the actor's name was mentioned, and controlled the experiment by introducing the names of other actors [1].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 1. Moraux P. Galien de Pergame. Les Belles Lettres. Paris, 1985.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He greatly clarified the description and analysis of all these experiments by introducing a classification of breathing movements that separated inspiration from expiration and quiet respiration from forced respiration.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an addendum to this discussion, however, he noted the possibility that air could be consumed and then replaced by fumes.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, he cut a half or three quarters of the expiratory intercostal muscles of a pig, and noted that the loudness of the animal's cries was reduced by a half or three quarters.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Galen demonstrated the function of the laryngeal nerves by dissecting them out and cutting them, his opponent denied the validity of his proof on the ground that the evidence of the senses was not reliable.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He identified all the important respiratory muscles, including those of the larynx, and discovered and described the motor innervation of each one.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using this information as a blueprint, he conducted an extensive and systematic series of ablation experiments, that showed amongst other things what happens when the diaphragm is paralysed, and, on the other hand, what happens when all the other respiratory muscles are disabled, leaving the diaphragm to contract alone.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Galen did use some quantitative reasoning and was skilled in mathematics, but the main emphasis was on proportions rather than absolute values [5].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Debru A. La pensée physiologique. Doctrines et langages de la respiration chez Galien dans le monde greco-romain. Paris, Thèse, 1990.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He also discusses at some length the old theme of a link between the diaphragm and the brain in”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the purpose of the diaphragm is to move the rib cage, the insertion is on the ribs, and the”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He described the interaction between the lungs and chest wall and developed the concept of interaction between ribcage and abdominal muscles in maintaining the position of the diaphragm, showing a clear understanding of the principle that the diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre as long as the ribcage is allowed to expand.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The much lengthier text from which he is quoting [26] shows a clear understanding of the principle that the diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre, as long as the rib cage is allowed to expand.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. Beau JHS, Maissiat JH. Recherche sur le mécanisme des mouvements respiratoires. Arch Gen Med 1843; 4ème série I: 265-295.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre as long as the rib cage is allowed to expand.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This was apparently not a complete account of his view, however, because the diaphragm is listed as being used in some circumstances in quiet expiration in”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Oribasius. Oeuvres d'Oribase. Traduit par C. Daremberg et E. Busemaker. Paris, Imprimerie Impériale, 1851-1876. English translations by W.A. Whitelaw. Chap. 42 of an unnumbered book "Motion of the Lungs and Thorax". 28. Ibid. Chap. 43, of an unnumbered book "The Cause of Respiration".
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Galen's explanation of expulsive efforts indicates that this concept was not understood by him and, in fact, was not available in his day.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. Beau JHS, Maissiat JH. Recherche sur le mécanisme des mouvements respiratoires. Arch Gen Med 1843; 4ème série I: 265-295.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Muscle contraction changes abdominal pressure, equivalent to a force equal in all directions.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of the respiratory pump, however, Galen's anatomical dissections, whole-animal experiments and clinical studies were conceived in astonishingly modern terms, were carried out very systematically, and led to conclusions that are now considered largely correct.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of what Oribasius wrote about respiratory physiology can be found in the extant works of Galen, but he probably quotes as well from Galen's lost books”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He asked somewhat different sorts of questions from our current ones: his demonstrations showed very clearly what the diaphragm did but not how it did it, a deficiency for which he was to be reproached 1,200 yrs later by Vesalius, who lived in an age of engineers.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these experiments, however, lacked precise measurements of quantity of gas, just as his respiratory muscle experiments lacked quantitative measurements of expansion by length, circumference or volume, of force or pressure, or even of respiratory rate.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ideas of measurement and quantification in biological studies were so rudimentary throughout antiquity that the introduction of measuring devices is considered a major feature of the revolution in biological thinking at the time of the Renaissance [32].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To keep his reputation from perishing, Galen was obliged to proclaim his results through repeated public demonstrations, and to defend his theories in debates against the many vigorous contending sects who accepted neither his conclusions nor the theory of knowledge and evidence that led to them.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of a good nomenclature was a real limitation to the powers of anatomical description.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important quantitative question of the day was whether respiration required the consumption of air.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Barriers to performance of human autopsies prevented clinicopathological studies.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Galen's respiratory investigations may resemble modern work to an astonishing degree, he was not, of course, a modern physiologist.He had not been provided with the concepts of physics, such as pressure, volume, flow, tension and force, that are fundamental to current analysis of muscle mechanics.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The attacks of his rivals may have limited his vision to some extent, and the need to make a convincing public show may have governed his choice of fields for investigation [5].”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Debru A. La pensée physiologique. Doctrines et langages de la respiration chez Galien dans le monde greco-romain. Paris, Thèse, 1990.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Oribasius can be seen as passing on many of Galen's conclusions intact, his works foretell what the authors of following centuries were to become: guardians of endangered knowledge rather than creators of new intellectual goods.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is quite possible that the need to broadcast his work and establish his reputation had as much influence on Galen's career as it does for modern researchers.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another example is Oribasius's argument that the chest wall moves the lung.Striking in its forcefulness, the passage suggests that in his day, as in Galen's, the concept was not widely accepted.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the second century AD, there were no scientific journals, but at the same time no formidable editors and referees to interfere with publication.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout the Middle Ages, there would be a gradual degradation and disappearance of this knowledge, requiring its near total rediscovery, beginning in the Renaissance.”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Galen's own writings about his life are truthful.
“Of the man and his life, all we know is what he wrote himself [1,2], but there is little reason to doubt its truth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre as long as the rib cage is allowed to expand.
“The much lengthier text from which he is quoting [26] shows a clear understanding of the principle that the diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre, as long as the rib cage is allowed to expand.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Muscle contraction changes abdominal pressure, equivalent to a force equal in all directions.
“Nowadays, we would emphasize that muscle contraction changes abdominal pressure, equivalent to a force equal in all directions.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
“Galen (129-200 AD) produced a large written output”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
“He died about 210 AD.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
“His remarkable work on the diaphragm was not quoted again in any detail until the 18th century”
§ ag gm m p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gy y: : t th he e a ac ch hi ie ev ve em me en nt ts s o of f G Ga al le en n > Abstract
“The much lengthier text from which he is quoting [26] shows a clear understanding of the principle that the diaphragm can move upward during an isovolume manoeuvre, as long as the rib cage is allowed to expand.”
Citations
Cites
Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy
Rosen, G., & Temkin, O. (1974) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1869569 · Cited by 323
Furley, D. J., & Wilkie, J. S. (1984) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400855155 · Cited by 150
Galen's System of Physiology and Medicine.
Greengold, M. C. (1969) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1969.00300190127025 · Cited by 126
Relationship between respiratory muscle electromyogram and rib cage motion in tetraplegia.
(1985) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1985.132.1.53 · Cited by 87
Galen's system of physiology and medicine
Siegel, R. E. (1970) · KARGER eBooks · Cited by 75
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [3]3. Galen. On Anatomical Procedures (De Anatomicis Administrationibus). Introduction by C. Singer. London, Oxford University Press, 1956.
- [6]6. Furley DJ, Wilkie JS. Galen on respiration and the arteries. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.
- [8]8. Galen. On Anatomical Procedures (De Anatomicus Administrationibus). Book VII, Chap. 16, pp. 642-650, Kuhn. Translated with an introduction and notes by C. Singer. London, Oxford University Press, 1956.
- [11]11. Frank RG Jr. Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980.
- [12]12. Galen. On Anatomical Procedures (De Anatomicis Administrationibus). Book VIII, Chap. 8, p. 690, Kuhn. Translated with an introduction and notes by C. Singer. London, Oxford University Press, 1956.
- [13]13. Ibid. Book VIII, Chap. 3, pp. 665, Kuhn 15. Ibid. Book VIII, Chap. 4, pp. 667-675, Kuhn.
- [15]15. Galen. On the Causes of Breathing (De Causis Respira- tionis). In: Galen on respiration and the arteries. Transla- tions by D.J. Furley and J.S. Wilkie. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.
- [17]17. Galen. On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (De Usu Partium). Book V, Chap. 15. Translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by M.T. May. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1968.
- [20]20. Galen. On the Affected Parts (De Locis Affectis). Translated by R.F. Siegel. Basel, S. Karger, 1976; Book IV, Chapter 7.
- [23]23. Galen. On the Usefulness of Breathing (De usu respira- tionis). Book V, Chap. 9. In: Galen on respiration and the arteries. Translations by D.J. Furley and J.S. Wilkie. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The evolutionary origin of the mammalian diaphragm
Perry, S. F., Similowski, T., Klein, W., & Codd, J. R. (2010) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.004 · Cited by 105
A Contemporary Atlas of the Mouse Diaphragm
Stuelsatz, P., Keire, P. A., Almuly, R., & Yablonka‐Reuveni, Z. (2012) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/0022155412452417 · Cited by 40
“accomplishment of Galen (130-200 CE), the anatomical and physiological knowledge about the respiratory system reached a complete comprehension that is still considered correct in modern times (Fritts, 1976; Derenne et al., 1995).”
BackgroundFitting, J.-W. (2014) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000369474 · Cited by 33
GALEN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ANATOMY: A REVIEW
Ajita, R. (2015) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2015/651 · Cited by 23
The Roman Empire legacy of Galen (129–200 ad)
Shoja, M. M., Tubbs, R. S., Ghabili, K., et al. (2014) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-014-2467-7 · Cited by 21
“However, he recommended that his students improve their dissection skills on dead animals prior to dissections on the living [18, 19].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Derenne, J., Debru, A., Grassino, A., & Whitelaw, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 1995-01-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 154-160
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2054126098
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Respiratory Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Innovations
- Keywords
- Galen, diaphragm, respiration, respiratory muscles, Oribasius, muscle denervation, rib cage mechanics, expiration, dyspnea, ancient medicine, experimental physiology
- MeSH terms
- Greece, Ancient, Animals, Diaphragm, Humans, Respiration, History, Ancient
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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