Cited by 166Tuberculosis Research and EpidemiologyInfectious Diseases and TuberculosisDiagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

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The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease

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Migliori, Giovanni Battista, Ong, Catherine W.M., Petrone, Linda, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Centis, Rosella, Goletti, Delia·2021·Breathe

DOI 10.1183/20734735.0079-2021PMC PMC8753649

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Abstract

Latent tuberculosis infection was the term traditionally used to indicate tuberculosis (TB) infection. This term was used to define “a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens through tests such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) or an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) without clinically active TB”. Recent evidence indicates that the spectrum from TB infection to TB disease is much more complex, including a “continuum” of situations didactically reported as uninfected individual, TB infection, incipient TB, subclinical TB without signs/symptoms, subclinical TB with unrecognised signs/symptoms, and TB disease with signs/symptoms. Recent evidence suggests that subclinical TB is responsible for important M. tuberculosis transmission. This review describes the different stages described above and their relationships. It also summarises the new developments in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB infection as well as their public health and policy implications. Educational aims: To describe the evolution of the definition of “tuberculosis infection” and didactically describe the continuum of stages existing between TB infection and disease. To discuss the recommended approaches to prevent, diagnose and treat TB infection.

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Figure 1 The “continuum process” leading from TB infection to disease. BCG: bacille Calmette–Guérin; DX: diagnosis; TX: treatment; IGRAs: interferon-γ release assays; TST: tuberculin skin test; (L)TBI: (latent) TB infection.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Background
Tuberculosis infection and hypertension: prevalence estimates from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Salindri, A., Auld, S., Gujral, U., Urbina, E. M., Andrews, J., Huaman, M. A., & Magee, M. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075176 · Cited by 10
Prevalence of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with HIV in household contacts of index tuberculosis patients in two South African provinces: a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of a cluster-randomised trial
Carter, N., Webb, E. L., Lebina, L., Motsomi, K., Bosch, Z., Martinson, N. A., & MacPherson, P. (2023) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-023-00022-5 · Cited by 11
“Nomenclature and definitions vary; however, subclinical TB is generally accepted to be defined by microbiologically or radiographically confirmed TB in the absence of TB symptoms and with the potential to cause transmission [2–6].”
Background
Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with HIV and HIV-Uninfected Individuals in Lithuania
Matulyte, E., Kancauskiene, Z., Kausas, A., Urbonienė, J., Lipnickiene, V., Kopeykinienė, J., Gudaitis, T., Raudonis, Š., Danila, E., Costagliola, D., et al. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12080990 · Cited by 10
Updated considerations in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis infection and disease: integrating the latest evidence-based strategies
Graciaa, D., Schechter, M., Fetalvero, K., Cranmer, L., Kempker, R., & Castro, K. (2023) · Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2023.2207820 · Cited by 9
Migration and medical screening for tuberculosis
Silva, D. R., Mello, F. C. D. Q., Johansen, F. D. C., Centis, R., D'Ambrosio, L., & Migliori, G. (2023) · Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia · doi:10.36416/1806-3756/e20230051 · Cited by 8
“The WHO recommends the use of chest X-ray (CXR) for tuberculosis screening among migrants from countries with a high tuberculosis incidence and the use of tuberculin skin test (TST) or IFN-γ release assays (IGRA) for TBI screening.(20-22) Systematic screening of migrants using CXR at arrival in the destination country…”
MethodSelf-citation
Prevalence and management of tuberculosis infection in Apulian rheumatologic patients treated with biologics: An observational cohort 10‐year study from the BIOPURE registry
Fornaro, M., Stano, S., Goletti, D., Semeraro, A., Cantatore, F., Maruotti, N., Colella, S., Abbruzzese, A., Santo, L., Praino, E., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13913 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and latent tuberculosis infection: a cross-sectional study
Pang, T., Wang, L., Zhang, J., & Duan, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1615302 · Cited by 7
“However, LTBI represents a specific stage within the continuum from tuberculosis infection to disease, characterized by a dynamic state of immune equilibrium in which Mtb is contained without apparent clinical manifestations (33).”
Toll-like receptor and matrix metalloproteinase single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes and polygenic risk score differentiated between tuberculosis disease and infection.
Lee, M.-R., Chen, Y.-L., Wu, C.-W., Chen, L.-C., Chang, L.-Y., Chen, J.-Y., Huang, Y.-T., Wang, J.-Y., Shih, J., & Yu, C.-J. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.020 · Cited by 7
Asymptomatic Tuberculosis in Children With Household Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mulenga, H., Shenje, J., Mendelsohn, S., Luabeya, A., Tameris, M., Tredoux, E. N., Nemes, E., Bilek, N., Beyers, E., Ivacik-Goncalves, D., et al. (2025) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf562 · Cited by 6
“This consensus case definition of childhood TB has traditionally applied only to symptomatic children seeking healthcare, but this approach may have hindered our understanding of less severe disease phenotypes along the spectrum of TB pathogenesis, including asymptomatic TB [7–9].”
Bridging science and policy in tuberculosis treatment through innovations in precision medicine, drug development, and cohort research: a narrative review
Min, J., Andrade, B. B., Kim, J. S., & Jeong, Y. (2025) · Ewha Medical Journal · doi:10.12771/emj.2025.00115 · Cited by 4
“They highlight the benefits of adopting a stage-specific approach to treatment [5,6].”
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women Screened for Tuberculosis Infection in Swedish Antenatal Care
Walles, J., Winqvist, N., Hansson, S., Sturegård, E., Baqir, H., Westman, A., Kjerstadius, T., Schön, T., & Björkman, P. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad465 · Cited by 6
“…commonly defined as immune sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis without evidence of TB disease, and is currently regarded as a continuous spectrum, ranging from spontaneously resolved infection to incipient TB with elevated bacterial activity and risk of progression to TB disease [15, 16].”
Background
Synergistic Effects of Curcumin and Antibiotics Against Drug-Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lara-Espinosa, J. V., Barrios-Payán, J., Lozano-Ordaz, V., Mata-Espinosa, D., Becerril-Villanueva, E., Ponce-Regalado, M. D., & Hernández-Pando, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110414 · Cited by 5
Evidence required to evaluate the use of bacteriologically confirmed asymptomatic tuberculosis disease as a primary endpoint in prevention of tuberculosis disease vaccine licensure trials
White, R. G., Churchyard, G., Horton, K. C., Fiore-Gartland, A. J., Behr, M. A., Clark, R. A., Cobelens, F. G. J., Ernst, J. D., Esmail, H., García‐Basteiro, A. L., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(25)00164-x · Cited by 5
Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil
de Souza, C. D. F., Dias, E. R., Matos, T. S., Ferreira, A. C. F., Bezerra-Santos, M., da Silva, A. G., & Carmo, R. F. D. (2023) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed8090454 · Cited by 5
“The disease affects mainly the lungs, and its transmission occurs through droplets of saliva containing mycobacteria expelled by carriers of the active lung or laryngeal disease when they speak, cough, sing, or sneeze [3,4].”
Background
Effect of Low Doses of Dexamethasone on Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Lara-Espinosa, J. V., Arce-Aceves, M. F., Barrios-Payán, J., Mata-Espinosa, D., Lozano-Ordaz, V., Becerril-Villanueva, E., Ponce-Regalado, M. D., & Hernández-Pando, R. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061554 · Cited by 5
“It is considered the oldest pandemic and is the primary cause of death by a single bacterial agent [2].”
Background
Screening for infectious and neglected tropical diseases among newly arrived migrants from Africa and Asia: a retrospective study from Verona province, Italy
Ursini, T., Bonato, L., Zaffagnini, A., Mazzi, C., Cattaneo, P., Salvador, E., Moro, L., Gobbi, F., & Buonfrate, D. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-025-00796-4 · Cited by 4
“Finally, with regard to TB classification, we did not distinguish between subclinical and symptomatic forms of TB [31], as this distinction was beyond the scope and focus of the present study.”
Flavonoids: Potential Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Kisimba, K., Kasumbwe, K., Odun-Ayo, F., & Faya, M. A. (2025) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715265361578250504110100 · Cited by 4
“The bacteria are transmitted and inhaled through small droplets released by coughing, speaking, singing, and sneezing of contagious individuals [28].”
Characteristics of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis compared to active pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective cohort study
Zhang, A., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Sheng, H., & Yang, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2025.100535 · Cited by 4
Multiplexed cytokine profiling identifies diagnostic signatures for latent tuberculosis and reactivation risk stratification
Meserve, K., Chapman, C., Xu, M., Zhou, H., Robison, H. M., Hilgart, H., Arias-Sánchez, P., Pathakumari, B., Reddy, M., Daniel, K. A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316648 · Cited by 4
“This adds to the complex task of global TB eradication [3–5].”
Does perceived social support buffer the impact of psychological distress on health-related quality of life among people living with tuberculosis?
Onu, D. U., Obi-keguna, C. N., Onyishi, I. E., & Igwe, E. J. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2469195 · Cited by 3
“Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mtb (Migliori et al., 2021), which spreads when infected individuals release tiny droplet nuclei through actions such as coughing, talking, singing, or sneezing (Goletti & Martineau, 2021; Migliori et al., 2019).”
Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: a narrative review
Sarkar, M. S. (2025) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2025.2982 · Cited by 3
Investigation of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients: a case-control study
Mortezazadeh, M., Karimi, M., Esfandbod, M., Mofidi, A., Hemmati, N., Kashani, M., Shirsalimi, N., Mahmoudi, S. T. S., & Yazdi, E. K. (2024) · Oncology Reviews · doi:10.3389/or.2024.1445678 · Cited by 4
Overview of the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Care Considerations for People Living with and at Risk for Tuberculosis in the United States
Bergman, A., & Thomas, T. A. (2024) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2024.10.004 · Cited by 6
Expert views on screening for tuberculosis infection in patients commencing treatment with a biologic agent
Sultana, A., Migliori, G., D'Ambrosio, L., García-García, J., Silva, D. R., Rendon, L. A., Codecasa, L., Blanc, F.-X., Tiberi, S., Ong, C. W., et al. (2024) · Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia · doi:10.36416/1806-3756/e20240082 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Nano-Medicine for Treatment of Tuberculosis, Promising Approaches Against Antimicrobial Resistance
Mobed, A., Alivirdiloo, V., Gholami, S., Moshari, A., Mousavizade, A., Naderian, R., & Ghazi, F. (2024) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-024-03853-z · Cited by 4
“TB can manifest itself in two ways: latent TB and active TB. Latent tuberculosis (LTB) occurs when mycobacteria remain dormant for an extended period (up to decades) [16, 17].”
Ocular Tuberculosis Diagnosis Through Biomarkers: Clinical Relevance of Serum C1q and Whole Blood Interferon Gene Signature Score
Nora, R. L. D., Putera, I., Schrijver, B., Singh, G., Bakker, M., Riasanti, M., Edwar, L., Susiyanti, M., Aziza, Y., ten Berge, J. C., et al. (2024) · Ocular immunology and inflammation · doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2368670 · Cited by 4
“34 Whether the presence of uveitis may exclusively be attributed to clinically active TB disease or may also develop as immune response in individuals with incipient TB and subclinical TB still requires further investigations.”
Genomic insights into anthropozoonotic tuberculosis in captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) and an Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Cambodia
Officer, K., Walker, T. M., Cheng, S., Heng, S., Hide, M., Bañuls, A., Cracknell, J., Broadis, N., Thy, N., Abraham, S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57318-1 · Cited by 4
“When TB becomes active, and thereby transmissible, accelerated mycobacterial replication increases the likelihood of pathological changes, immunological responses, clinical signs, and positive test results 63 .”
Background
Beyond latent and active: a scoping review of conceptual frameworks and diagnostic criteria for tuberculosisPreprint
Zaidi, S. M., Coussens, A., Seddon, J., Kredo, T., Warner, D., Houben, R., & Esmail, H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.23292171 · Cited by 4
“Migliori et al.(41) 2021 The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease Review of TB as a disease spectrum Review article”
BackgroundInfluential
Tuberculosis infection and hypertension: Prevalence estimates from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Salindri, A., Auld, S., Gujral, U., Urbina, E., Andrews, J., Huaman, M., & Magee, M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.23289899 · Cited by 4
Tuberculosis pulmonar
Rodríguez-Molino, P., & Rey, C. C. (2026) · Pediatría integral · doi:10.63149/j.pedint.121 · Cited by 3
Current tuberculosis progress and molecular methods for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Madihi, S., Aainouss, A., Messaoudi, M. D. E., & Benani, A. (2026) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2026.03.006 · Cited by 5
Mannosylated chitosan-decorated PLGA nanoparticles for targeted pulmonary delivery of isoniazid: a promising approach in the treatment of tuberculosis
Maqbool, R., Nayab, D. E., Mubeen, M., Ali, H., & Khan, S. (2025) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/1061186x.2025.2554761 · Cited by 1
“…[3]. however, certain particles evade the mucociliary system and reach at the alveoli, where they are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages (aM) [4]. lipoarabinomannan serves as a ligand for macrophage receptors, enabling M.tb to bind and thereby promote its uptake and replication within…”
The Role of Type I Interferons in Tuberculosis and in Tuberculosis-Risk-Associated Comorbidities
Mutua, F., Su, R.-C., Ball, T. B., & Kiazyk, S. (2025) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr17040081 · Cited by 3
A mathematical reaction–diffusion model describing the connection between smokers and tuberculosis patients
Khaloufi, I., Karim, M., Benrhila, S., & Rachik, M. (2025) · Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.padiff.2025.101186 · Cited by 3
Exploring the multifaceted roles of resuscitation-promoting factors in tuberculosis: Implications for diagnosis, vaccine development, and drug targeting
Tanriver, G., Khan, S. A., Góra, A., Chegou, N., & Mahmoudi, S. (2025) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00886 · Cited by 3
“…of TB has evolved beyond the binary classification of active and latent infection, with current perspectives recognizing it as a spectrum ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI), incipient or subclinical stages, which may present with or without symptoms, to fully developed active disease [2,3].”
Determinants of Unsuccessful TB Treatment Outcomes Among Patients on Directly Observed Treatment Short Course in Jimma Town Health Facilities, Southwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study
Teka, D., Assegid, S., Ahmed, J., Debella, A., Amentie, E., Wami, G. A., & Eyeberu, A. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s428652 · Cited by 4
“Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread by inhaling droplet nuclei from infected patients when coughing, speaking, singing, or sneezing.(1,2) According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2022, an estimated 10.”
The detection of mixed tuberculosis infections using culture filtrate and resuscitation promoting factor deficient filtrate
Chengalroyen, M., Beukes, G., Otwombe, K., Gordhan, B., Martinson, N., & Kana, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072073 · Cited by 3
“The classification of TB as a binary disease of either active versus latent infection has evolved, with the current outlook suggesting that TB infection exists as a spectrum (Lin and Flynn, 2018) ranging from incipient or subclinical disease with/without symptoms to active disease (Migliori et al., 2021).”
Background
Improving interferon-γ release assay interpretation: are IP-10 and MIG the solution?
Saluzzo, F., Denkinger, C., & Cirillo, D. (2022) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00697-2022 · Cited by 3
Evidence-Based Commentary: Testing and Treating Latent Tuberculosis Before Starting Biologics and Small Molecules in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Kakadiya, R., & Sharma, V. (2022) · JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1760741 · Cited by 3
Incidence of tubercular lymphadenitis in cases of cervical lymphadenopathy by fine needle aspiration cytology-A single center study.
Chand, V., Katara, A., Chand, S., Vishwakarma, S., Chaudhry, V., & Chandra, H. (2025) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108125 · Cited by 2
Cutting-edge nano novel drug delivery carriers (NDCs) for tuberculosis (TB) management: insights into clinical trials and patent landscape
Pal, R., Ghosh, B., Dutta, P., Shah, T. M., & Singh, A. (2026) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.1080/02652048.2026.2684955 · Cited by 2
“…tB. Symptoms such as chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue often go unnoticed or are misdiagnosed, particularly in resource-poor settings, delaying effective treatment (Migliori et al. 2021). the list of types of tB with their symptoms and description is mentioned in table 1.”
Multiplexed Protein Diagnostics for Complex Infection-Associated Conditions: Advancing Proof-of-Concept Biosensors toward Clinical Deployment
Vajrala, A., Reddy, M., & Bailey, R. C. (2026) · Trends in Analytical Chemistry (TrAC) · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2026.118842 · Cited by 2
A-TBNet:attention-guided neural network for tuberculosis detection using cough audio signals
Sahu, G., Kumar, S., & Vidhu, N. P. (2026) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s13042-026-03017-4 · Cited by 2
Impact of diabetes on TB infection diagnosis.
Petrone, L., Aiello, A., Najafi-Fard, S., & Goletti, D. (2026) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108486 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Molecular Techniques for MTBC and NTM Differentiation: Diagnostic Accuracy of STANDARD™ M10 MTB/NTM and Potential Applications
Genco, M., Alizzi, S., Valesella, P., Camaggi, A., Iannaccone, M., Allizond, V., Banche, G., Bondi, A., Caroppo, M. S., Rinaldo, R. F., et al. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16040594 · Cited by 2
“Notably, both active and subclinical TB are responsible for MTBC spreading to other subjects [3–6].”
A multiplex Mtb-specific FluoroSpot assay measuring IFNγ, IL-2, and TNF-secreting cells can improve accuracy and differentiation across the tuberculosis spectrum
Folkesson, E., Foroogh, F., Kleberg, L., Kjellgren, V., Jakobsson, M., Grunewald, L., Hellberg, J., Ryberg, J., Maher, Z., Silva, C. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00894-25 · Cited by 2
“It is not known which proportion of individuals eventually clears the infection over time, though some argue that lifelong infection is less common than previously believed (8), and currently, there are no methods to detect true persistence of viable Mtb (9).”
Basic and Descriptive Spectrum of Tuberculosis in a Large Cohort of Hospitalized Patients
Arghir, I., Andronache, I., & Ion, I. (2025) · Current Health Sciences Journal · doi:10.12865/chsj.51.02.06 · Cited by 2
“Patients with SC-TB can have mild, intermittent symptoms attributed to smoking, viral infections, air pollution, COPD, lung cancer [17-20] or they have tendency to underestimate or neglect their symptomatology [2,16,21].”
Risk Factors for the Incidence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Labuang Baji Hospital: A Healthpreneur Perspective
Rahmat, A., Noor, N. N., Maria, I. L., & Davies, G. (2024) · Aptisi Transactions On Technopreneurship (ATT) · doi:10.34306/att.v6i3.394 · Cited by 2
“Environmental factors include the history of the residential area, the frequency of crossing the border, the residential environment, the type of house, the number of rooms, and the frequency of visiting crowded areas [16].”
Epidemiology and outcomes of patients with tuberculosis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An ELSO registry analysis.
Hssain, A. A., Vahedian-azimi, A., Schmidt, M., Ibrahim, A. S. S., Ramanathan, K., Hassan, I. F., & Sahebkar, A. (2024) · Intensive & Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103841 · Cited by 2
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Differentiated Between Tuberculosis Disease and Infection: Causal Association Study
Razbek, J., Chen, Y., Yang, J.-D., Zhang, Y., Wen, B., Wang, J.-N., Wang, X.-M., Kuerbanjiang, G., Aili, A., & Cao, M.-Q. (2024) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s485099 · Cited by 2
Relevance of antigen‐induced IL‐6 and mitogen‐induced or spontaneous IFN‐γ secretions in whole blood cultures for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease
Sinha, S., Singh, K., Umam, F., Kapoor, P., & Aggarwal, A. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13406 · Cited by 2
“53 That Mtb infection cannot simply be categorized as latent or active is evident from the wide spread of data for each parameter of this study.”
Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection
Bogorodskaya, E. M., & Litvinov, V. I. (2024) · Tuberculosis and socially significant diseases · doi:10.54921/2413-0346-2024-12-2-43-52 · Cited by 2
Efficacy of RUTI® immunotherapy against active tuberculosis in a mouse model challenges the Koch phenomenon
Soldevilla, P., Buisan, A., Díaz, J., Saladrigas, S., Rosales, Y., Arias, L., Jimenez-Melsio, A., Vilaplana, C., Fabregat, M. A., & Cardona, P. (2023) · Frontiers in tuberculosis · doi:10.3389/ftubr.2023.1240684 · Cited by 2
“Animal models are an eﬃcient tool to study the eﬀect of new anti-TB drugs and treatments at every stage of the disease, each one with diﬀerent characteristics on Mtb populations and immune response (4).”
Timely Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis Based on the Epidemiological Disease Spectrum: Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study in the Republic of Korea
Ko, Y., Park, J. S., Min, J., Kim, H.-W., Koo, H., Oh, J. Y., Jeong, Y., Lee, E., Yang, B., Kim, J. S., et al. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/47422 · Cited by 2
“The PTBSS was designed based on previously published proposals for the PTB disease spectrum (Figure 2) [23-28].”
Cost effectiveness analysis of single and sequential testing strategies for tuberculosis infection in adults living with HIV in the United States
Fekadu, G., Yao, J., & You, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22721-z · Cited by 2
Commemorating World Tuberculosis Day 2022: recent ERJ articles of critical relevance to ending TB and saving lives
Migliori, G., Falzon, D., Marks, G., Goletti, D., Kasaeva, T., Esposito, S., & Humbert, M. (2022) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00149-2022 · Cited by 2
“In absence of a gold standard test for TB infection [22], the authors assessed QIAreach QFT test accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity against surrogate reference standards.”
MethodSelf-citation
Multifaceted DosR proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: emerging roles for tuberculosis control
Sharma, M., Sharma, M., & Sharma, S. (2026) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-026-04983-7 · Cited by 1
Explanatory Modeling of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: The Role of Community Engagement and Clinical Governance
Dlatu, N., & Faye, L. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23040511 · Cited by 1

Authors: Migliori, G. B., Ong, C. W. M., Petrone, L., D'Ambrosio, L., Centis, R., & Goletti, D.
Affiliations: Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
National University of Singapore (SG)
Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani (IT)
Corresponding author: Migliori, Giovanni Battista
ORCID: Migliori, Giovanni Battista
Ong, Catherine W.M.
Petrone, Linda
Centis, Rosella
Goletti, Delia
Venue: Breathe
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Published: 2021-09
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 210079
ISSN: 1810-6838 (ISSN-L)
2073-4735
DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0079-2021
PMC: PMC8753649
OpenAlex: W3196428738
Cited by: 166
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 2.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Breathe (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Ministero della Salute (Linea 4)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Keywords: tuberculosis infection, latent tuberculosis infection, subclinical tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assay, tuberculosis transmission, tuberculosis prevention, tuberculosis diagnosis, tuberculosis treatment, public health policy

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The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease

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