CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 481Urban Green Space and HealthHealth disparities and outcomesUrban Arborization and Environmental Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Vitamin G: effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety

Open access
Groenewegen, Peter P, van den Berg, Agnes E, de Vries, Sjerp, Verheij, Robert A·2006·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-6-149PMC PMC1513565
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Looking out on and being in the green elements of the landscape around us seem to affect health, well-being and feelings of social safety. This article discusses the design of a research program on the effects of green space in the living environment on health, well-being and social safety. METHODS/DESIGN: The program consists of three projects at three different scales: at a macro scale using data on the Netherlands as a whole, at an intermediate scale looking into the specific effect of green space in the urban environment, and at micro scale investigating the effects of allotment gardens. The projects are observational studies, combining existing data on land use and health interview survey data, and collecting new data through questionnaires and interviews. Multilevel analysis and GIS techniques will be used to analyze the data. DISCUSSION: Previous (experimental) research in environmental psychology has shown that a natural environment has a positive effect on well-being through restoration of stress and attentional fatigue. Descriptive epidemiological research has shown a positive relationship between the amount of green space in the living environment and physical and mental health and longevity. The program has three aims. First, to document the relationship between the amount and type of green space in people's living environment and their health, well-being, and feelings of safety. Second, to investigate the mechanisms behind this relationship. Mechanisms relate to exposure (leading to stress reduction and attention restoration), healthy behavior and social integration, and selection. Third, to translate the results into policy on the crossroads of spatial planning, public health, and safety. Strong points of our program are: we study several interrelated dependent variables, in different ordinary settings (as opposed to experimental or extreme settings), focusing on different target groups, using appropriate multilevel methods.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2458-6-149

Cites

47 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 General mechanisms to explain relationships between green space and health, well-being and social safety.
Figure 1 General mechanisms to explain relationships between green space and health, well-being and social safety.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 50 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Kaplan R, Kaplan S: The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. 1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University
  2. Honeyman MK: Vegetation and Stress: A comparison study of varying amounts of vegetation in countryside and urban scenes. The role of horticulture in human wellbeing and social development: A national symposium. Edited by: Relf D. Portland. 1992, Timber Press, 143-145.
  3. Philips C, Wielers R: Vakantiegedrag en gemeenschapszin op camping Makkum. Vrijetijds Studies. 2001, 19: 23-35.
  4. Westert GP, Verhoeff RN, eds: Places and people: multilevel modelling in geographical research. 1997, Utrecht: NGS
  5. Snijders T, Bosker R: Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling. 1999, London: Sage
  6. RLG: Ontspannen in het groen. 2004, Publicatie RLG 4/1, januari 2004. Amersfoort: Raad voor het Landelijk Gebied

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 481

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Groenewegen, P. P., van den Berg, A. E., de Vries, S., & Verheij, R. A.
Affiliations
Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NL)
Corresponding author
Groenewegen, Peter P
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006-06-07
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
149-149
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2458-6-149
PMC
PMC1513565
OpenAlex
W2112407917
Cited by
476
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
FWCI
7.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
Keywords
green spaces, health, well-being, social safety, urban green space, allotment gardens, attention restoration, stress reduction, land use, health behavior, social integration, spatial planning, public health policy, environmental psychology
MeSH terms
Attention, City Planning, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environment Design, Environmental Health, Fatigue, Holistic Health, Humans, Mental Health, Netherlands, Plants, Safety, Social Perception, Stress, Psychological, Trees, Urban Health, Program Evaluation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review