The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and immediate initiation of treatment are essential for an effective tuberculosis (TB) control program. Delay in diagnosis is significant to both disease prognosis at the individual level and transmission within the community. Most transmissions occur between the onset of cough and initiation of treatment. METHODS: A systematic review of 58 studies addressing delay in diagnosis and treatment of TB was performed. We found different definitions of, for example, debut of symptoms, first appropriate health care provider, time to diagnosis, and start of treatment. Rather than excluding studies that failed to meet strict scientific criteria (like in a meta-analysis), we tried to extract the "solid findings" from all of them to arrive on a more global understanding of diagnostic delay in TB. RESULTS: The main factors associated with diagnostic delay included human immunodeficiency virus; coexistence of chronic cough and/or other lung diseases; negative sputum smear; extrapulmonary TB; rural residence; low access (geographical or sociopsychological barriers); initial visitation of a government low-level healthcare facility, private practitioner, or traditional healer; old age; poverty; female sex; alcoholism and substance abuse; history of immigration; low educational level; low awareness of TB; incomprehensive beliefs; self-treatment; and stigma. CONCLUSION: The core problem in delay of diagnosis and treatment seemed to be a vicious cycle of repeated visits at the same healthcare level, resulting in nonspecific antibiotic treatment and failure to access specialized TB services. Once generation of a specific diagnosis was in reach, TB treatment was initiated within a reasonable period of time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Global Burden of Tuberculosis: Estimated Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality by Country
Dye, C., Scheele, S., >Dolin, P., Pathania, V., Raviglione, M. C., & for the WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.7.677 · Cited by 2,947
Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990-2000.
Pj, D., Raviglione, M. C., & Kochi, A. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 768
Global tuberculosis control: surveillance planning financing. WHO report 2008.
Dye, C., Floyd, K., & Uplekar, M. (2008) · Cited by 575
Delayed tuberculosis diagnosis and tuberculosis transmission.
Golub, J. E., Bur, S., Cronin, W. A., Gange, S. J., Baruch, N., Comstock, G. W., & Chaisson, R. E. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 246
Rajeswari, R., Chandrasekaran, V., Suhadev, M., Sivasubramaniam, S., Sudha, G., & Renu, G. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 229
Assessing health seeking behaviour among tuberculosis patients in rural South Africa.
Pronyk, R. M., Makhubele, M., Hargreaves, J., Tollman, S. M., & Häusler, H. P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 166
Gender difference in delays to diagnosis and health care seeking behaviour in a rural area of Nepal.
Yamasaki-Nakagawa, M., Ozasa, K., Yamada, N., Osuga, K., Shimouchi, A., Ishikawa, N., Ds, B., & Mori, T. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 159
Needham, D. M., Foster, S. D., TOMLINSON, G. A., et al. (2001) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00709.x · Cited by 156
Longer delays in tuberculosis diagnosis among women in Vietnam.
Long, N., Johansson, E., Lönnroth, K., Eriksson, B., Winkvist, A., & Diwan, V. K. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 150
Why Do Symptomatic Patients Delay Obtaining Care for Tuberculosis?
Asch, S. M., LEAKE, B. D., Anderson, R., & Gelberg, L. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9709071 · Cited by 150
Cited by
Stigma in health facilities: Why it matters and how we can change it
Nyblade, L., Stockton, M. A., Giger, K., Bond, V., Ekstrand, M. L., Lean, R. M., Mitchell, E. M. H., Nelson, L. R. E., Sapag, J. C., Siraprapasiri, T., et al. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1256-2 · Cited by 881
Jacobs, B., Ir, P., Bigdeli, M., Annear, P. L., & Van Damme, W. (2012) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czr038 · Cited by 548
Rehm, J., Samokhvalov, A. V., Neuman, M. G., Room, R., Parry, C., Lönnroth, K., Patra, J., Poznyak, V., & Popova, S. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-450 · Cited by 458
Tostmann, A., Kik, S. V., Kalisvaart, N. A., Sebek, M. M., Verver, S., Boeree, M. J., & van Soolingen, D. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/591974 · Cited by 320
Goudge, J., Gilson, L., Russell, S., Gumede, T., & Mills, A. (2009) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-75 · Cited by 260
Metadata
- Authors
- Storla, D. G., Yimer, S., & Bjune, G. A.
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2008-01-14
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-15
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042680533
- Cited by
- 1,018
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/1471-2458-8-15
- The paper
- Storla, D. G., Yimer, S., & Bjune, G. A. (2008). A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-15
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
