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Risk factors for domestic physical violence: national cross-sectional household surveys in eight southern African countries
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BACKGROUND: The baseline to assess impact of a mass education-entertainment programme offered an opportunity to identify risk factors for domestic physical violence. METHODS: In 2002, cross-sectional household surveys in a stratified urban/rural last-stage random sample of enumeration areas, based on latest national census in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Working door to door, interviewers contacted all adults aged 16-60 years present on the day of the visit, without sub-sampling. 20,639 adults were interviewed. The questionnaire in 29 languages measured domestic physical violence by the question "In the last year, have you and your partner had violent arguments where your partner beat, kicked or slapped you?" There was no measure of severity or frequency of physical violence. RESULTS: 14% of men (weighted based on 1,294/8,113) and 18% of women (weighted based on 2,032/11,063) reported being a victim of partner physical violence in the last year. There was no convincing association with age, income, education, household size and remunerated occupation. Having multiple partners was strongly associated with partner physical violence. Other associations included the income gap within households, negative attitudes about sexuality (for example, men have the right to sex with their girlfriends if they buy them gifts) and negative attitudes about sexual violence (for example, forcing your partner to have sex is not rape). Particularly among men, experience of partner physical violence was associated with potentially dangerous attitudes to HIV infection. CONCLUSION: Having multiple partners was the most consistent risk factor for domestic physical violence across all countries. This could be relevant to domestic violence prevention strategies.
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“To assess gender norms and attitudes, we asked seven Likert-scale questions, taken from a survey on IPV conducted in eight African countries (Andersson et al., 2007).”
From Sexual and gender-based violence against South Sudanese refugees in Uganda: a mixed-methods study (2025) · cites this paper as Andersson et al., 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Andersson, N., Ho-Foster, A., Mitchell, S., Scheepers, E., & Goldstein, S.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (MX)
- Soul City Institute for Health & Development Communication (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Neil
- ORCID
- Andersson, Neil
- Venue
- BMC Women's Health
- Published
- 2007-07-16
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-11
- ISSN
- 1472-6874 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2042491
- OpenAlex
- W1980711613
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Women s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, risk factors, multiple sexual partners, sexual attitudes, sexual violence attitudes, gender differences in victimization, Southern Africa, domestic violence prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa, Southern, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Educational Status, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Surveys, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse, Urban Population, Odds Ratio, Censuses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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