Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Cocos nucifera var. typica
Open accessAbstract
Background: Teas from the husk fiber of Cocos nucifera are used in the folk medicine to treat arthritis and other inflammatory processes. Some works show that some varieties have biological activities. However, one of the main variety of the species, C. nucifera var. typica, known in Brazil as “gigante”, was not studied yet. Thus, this study evaluates if this variety has the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities already reported in other varieties. Methods: C. nucifera aqueous crude extract (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the reference drugs morphine (1 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) were evaluated in models of inflammation (formalin-induced licking and subcutaneous air pouch). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) photometric assay and compared with those of the standards (quercetin, rutin, and ascorbic acid). The extract was also screened against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in the agar diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth micro-dilution assay. Activities of combinations of the extract and antibiotics (methicillin or vancomycin) against MRSA were evaluated using checkerboard assays. Results: The extract significantly inhibited the time that the animals spent licking the formalin-injected paws (second phase). The extract also inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, protein extravasation, and TNF-α production. Additionally, the extract showed an antioxidant potential in vitro as good as standards in their antioxidant activity. The extract was active only against S. aureus and MRSA. MIC and the bactericidal concentrations were identical (1,024 μg/ml). The extract and methicillin acted synergistically against the clinical MRSA isolate, whereas an indifferent effect was detected when the extract was combined with vancomycin. Conclusions: The extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the cell migration. The mixture of extract constituents and methicillin could lead to the development of a new combination antibiotic against MRSA infections.
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Extracts from different fractions of coconut husk fiber inhibited cell migration induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection at doses ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg.
“Silva et al. [109] observed that doses ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg inhibited cell migration induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection, suggesting a mechanism involving the modulation of cellular inflammatory responses.”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [109]
The Results and discussion (Anti-inflammatory activity; page unavailable) report significantly reduced carrageenan-induced cell migration at 50 and 100 mg/kg, but not at 10 mg/kg. The Methods (Preparation of C. nucifera crude extract; page unavailable) describe one aqueous crude husk-fiber extract, not extracts from different fractions. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAqueous crude extracts of C. nucifera var. typica (50 or 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the time animals spent licking their formalin-injected paws and reduced inflammation induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, extravasation of protein, and TNF-α production.
“A study using animal models of inflammation (formalin test and subcutaneous air pouch model) showed that aqueous crude extracts of C. nuciferavar. typica (50, or 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited (P<0.05) the time that animals spent licking their formalin-injected paws and reduced inflammation induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, extravasation of protein, and”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
Various extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from different parts of the coconut fruit show activities including antihypertensive; analgesia; vasodilation; protection of kidney, heart, and liver functions; protection against ulcers; and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetes, antineoplastic, bactericidal, antihelminthic, antimalarial, leishmanicidal, antifungal, и
“Various extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from different parts of the coconut fruit were tested, showing different activities, including antihypertensive; analgesia; vasodilation; protection of kidney, heart, and liver functions; protection against ulcers; and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetes, antineoplastic, bactericidal, antihelminthic, antimalarial, le”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
The crude aqueous extract of husk fiber and five TLC fractions were active only against S. aureus and MRSA, with a MIC of 1024 mg/mL for both.
“The crude aqueous extract of husk fiber and five fractions obtained by thin layer chromatography (TLC) were also tested (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) against E. coli, S. aureus, and MRSA via agar diffusion; they were active only against S. aureus and MRSA, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1024 mg/mL for both (45).”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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References 31 · Cited by 66
- Authors
- Silva, R. R., e Silva, D. O., Fontes, H. R., Alviano, C. S., Fernandes, P. D., & Alviano, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros (BR)
- Venue
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Published
- 2013-05-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-107
- ISSN
- 1472-6882 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3680169
- OpenAlex
- W2070156590
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Keywords
- coconut husk fiber, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin, vancomycin, air pouch inflammation, carrageenan-induced inflammation, TNF-α, cell migration, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Bacteria, Candida albicans, Cell Movement, Cocos, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Plant Extracts, Mice
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