The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis - review of the literature
Open accessAbstract
Echinocandins represent the newest class of antifungal agents. Currently, three echinocandins, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin are licensed for clinical use in various indications. They act as inhibitors of β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall and have a favorable pharmacological profile. They have a broad spectrum of activity against all Candida species. Higher MIC's have been observed against C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. Data from clinical trials for invasive Candida infections / candidaemia suggest that the clinical outcome of patients treated with either drug may be very similar. A comparison has been done between caspofungin and micafungin but for anidulafungin a comparative trial with another echinocandin is still lacking. All three drugs are highly effective if not superior to treatment with either fluconazole or Amphotericin B, particularly in well-defined clinical settings such as invasive Candida infections, Candida oesophagitis and candidaemia. Differences between the three echinocandins with regard to the route of metabolism, requirement for a loading dose, dose adjustment in patients with moderate to severe hepatic disease and different dosing schedules for different types of Candida infections have to be considered. Relevant drug-drug interactions of Caspofungin and Micafungin are minimal. Anidulafungin has no significant drug interactions at all. However, echinocandins are available only for intravenous use. All three agents have an excellent safety profile.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is highly soluble in aqueous systems and has a half-life of over 130 h in humans, compared to 24, 9–11, 10–17 h half-lives of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin, respectively (Kofla and Ruhnke, 2011; Sandison et al., 2017).”
From Fungal Cell Wall: Emerging Antifungals and Drug Resistance. (2019) · cites this paper as Kofla and Ruhnke, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Finally, the last group includes compounds which are derived from semisynthetic natural products, such as compounds derived from echinocandins: micafungin sodium, anidulafungin, caspofungin acetate, and pneumocandin. These agents showed improved properties over the parental compounds [50, 141].”
From Candida Infections, Causes, Targets, and Resistance Mechanisms: Traditional and Alternative Antifungal Agents (2013) · cites this paper as [141]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/421946 · Cited by 4,496
Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D., Benjamin, D. K., Calandra, T. F., Edwards, J. E., Filler, S. G., Fisher, J. F., Kullberg, B.-J., Zeichner, L. O., et al. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/596757 · Cited by 3,191
Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in United States Hospitals: A Three‐Year Analysis
Edmond, M. B., Wallace, S. E., McClish, D. K., Pfaller, M. A., Jones, R. N., & Wenzel, R. P. (1999) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/520192 · Cited by 1,387
Antifungal agents: mechanisms of action
Odds, F. C., Brown, A. J. P., & Gow, N. A. R. (2003) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(03)00117-3 · Cited by 1,202
Denning, D. W. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14472-8 · Cited by 1,131
Walsh, T. J., Teppler, H., Donowitz, G. R., Maertens, J. A., Baden, L. R., Dmoszyńska, A., Cornely, O. A., Bourque, M. R., Lupinacci, R. J., Sable, C. A., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040446 · Cited by 907
Anidulafungin versus Fluconazole for Invasive Candidiasis
Reboli, A. C., Rotstein, C., Pappas, P. G., Chapman, S. W., Kett, D. H., Kumar, D., Betts, R., Wible, M., Goldstein, B. P., Schranz, J., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066906 · Cited by 894
van Burik, J. H., Ratanatharathorn, V., Stepan, D. E., Miller, C. B., Lipton, J. H., Vesole, D. H., Bunin, N., Wall, D. A., Hiemenz, J., Satoi, Y., et al. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/422312 · Cited by 741
Kuse, E.-R., Chetchotisakd, P., da Cunha, C. A., Ruhnke, M., Barrios, C., Raghunadharao, D., Sekhon, J. S., Freire, A., Ramasubramanian, V., Demeyer, I., et al. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60605-9 · Cited by 692
Self-citationWisplinghoff, H., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2003) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/374339 · Cited by 687
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–154 of 154
Caspofungin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Patients Treating for Candidemia
Badkoubeh, R. S., Farajpour, M., Salehi, M., Sherafati, A., Zamani, Z., Rezahosseini, O., Mansouri, P., & Sardari, A. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10090521 · Cited by 6
Preparation and evaluation of 99mTc-anidulafungin: a potential radiotracer for fungal infection
El‐Kawy, O. A., Sayed, M., & Abdel-Razek, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10967-020-07274-7 · Cited by 6
Carvalhaes, C. G., Rhomberg, P. R., Pfaller, M. A., Locke, J. B., & Castanheira, M. (2022) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13490 · Cited by 6
Alqahtani, S., Alfarhan, A., Alsultan, A., Alsarhani, E., Alsubaie, A., & Asiri, Y. A. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10111363 · Cited by 6
Kovacic, P., & Abadjian, M.-C. Z. (2017) · SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.15226/sojmid/5/5/00182 · Cited by 6
Perspectives on the Use of Echinocandins in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Dermitzaki, N., Balomenou, F., Gialamprinou, D., Giapros, V. I., Rallis, D., & Baltogianni, M. S. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13121209 · Cited by 5
Yang, Q., Wang, T., Xie, J., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Cheng, X., Dong, H., Dong, W., Wei, Y., Wang, X., et al. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra21080a · Cited by 4
Treatment of invasive fungal infections in intensive care units with micafungin: The MYRIADE study
Timsit, J., Leverger, G., Milpied, N. J., & Gachot, B. (2020) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13060 · Cited by 4
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of natural product echinocandin derivatives
Chu, S., Zheng, Y., Wang, G., Su, S., Wang, H., Chen, S., & Wu, X. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117896 · Cited by 3
Tang, J., Cai, L., He, H., Li, X., Liang, S., Zhang, L., Xue, X., Xu, B., & Pan, W. (2025) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myaf087 · Cited by 3
Bollin, P., Pierański, M. K., Kuś, P. M., Dijck, P. V., & Szweda, P. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-52495-7 · Cited by 4
Antifungal compounds: With special emphasis on echinocandins, polyenes, and heterocyclic benzofurans
Devi, D. S., Bose, M., & Dass, R. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95388-7.00009-7 · Cited by 3
Candida profile in HIV-Positive children needs a Dynamic clinical appraisal: A microbiological Study
Sneha, K. H., Natarajan, S., Boaz, K., Ramapuram, J., Baliga, S., Manaktala, N., & Chitra, N. S. (2023) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00072 · Cited by 3
Yang, Q., Zhang, T., Zhao, D., Zhang, Y., Dong, Y., Sun, D., Du, Q., Zheng, J., Lu, H., & Dong, Y. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.13026 · Cited by 3
Soontorngun, N., Somboon, P., & Watchaputi, K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21110-3_13 · Cited by 3
Zver, S., Avčin, S. L., Bedreag, O. H., Bizilj, S., Ecrulj, V., Jazbec, J., Puconja, N., Stanić, R., & Jereb, M. (2021) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.12755 · Cited by 2
Drug Interactions and Safe Prescription Writing for Liver Transplant Recipients
Mathew, J. S., & Philips, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2023.03.011 · Cited by 2
Capoor, M. R., & Bal, A. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00211-5 · Cited by 2
Perlin, D. S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50409-4_22 · Cited by 2
Yuan, S.-D., Wen, K.-L., Cao, Y., Huang, W., & Zhang, A. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-023-02162-0 · Cited by 2
Candida auris – A Brief Overview
Gill, G. K., Gill, J. K., Thakur, S., Galwankar, S., & Gill, H. S. (2024) · Journal of Global Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4103/jgid.jgid_52_24 · Cited by 1
Galassi, L., Magrin, N., Pieri, F., Crivelli, B., Banfı, C., & FAITELLI, B. (2026) · Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.1177/00185787261470599 · Cited by 1
Cryo-EM structures of Candida albicans chitin synthase Chs1 reveal a druggable translocation channel
Ren, Z., Chhetri, A., Liu, C., Guan, Z., Offner, S., Kozhanov, D., Borgnia, M. J., Im, W., Yokoyama, K., & Lee, S. (2026) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-026-02485-2
Aspergillus in the Intensive Care Unit
Ruhnke, M., Kujath, P., & Vogelaers, D. (2012) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-011-0078-2 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAntifungal Drugs in the Management of Hematological Diseases in a Home Care Program
Tendas, A., Cupelli, L., Trawinska, M. M., Lentini, R., Giovannini, M., Scaramucci, L., Perrotti, A. P., de Fabritiis, P., & Niscola, P. (2013) · Home Health Care Management & Practice · doi:10.1177/1084822313494085 · Cited by 1
Candida auris: What We Need to Know in Healthcare Settings
Nowbakht, C., & Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. L. (2018) · Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease · doi:10.1007/s40506-018-0168-6 · Cited by 1
INVASIVE MYCOSES IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
Yakubtsevich, R. E. (2020) · Journal of the Grodno State Medical University · doi:10.25298/2221-8785-2020-18-1-50-56 · Cited by 1
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungal Agents in Neonates and Children
Antachopoulos, C., & Roilides, E. (2020) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-020-00402-6 · Cited by 1
Allylic Selenocyanates as Antifungal Agents Against Pathogenic Candida Species
Bazana, L. C. G., Carvalho, Â. R., Silveira, G. P., de Oliveira, L. F. S., Teixeira, M. L., Lopes, W., Vainstein, M. H., Barbosa, F. A. R., Russo, T. V. C., Sá, M. M., et al. (2020) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202002170 · Cited by 1
Hosler, J. P., Hoang, N., & Edwards, K. S. (2023) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.004 · Cited by 1
Central Nervous System Cryptococcosis in Non-Immunosuppressed Patient
López-Rivera, F., Cintrón‐Colón, H. R., Rivera, X. C., Monroig, H. A. G., Díaz, J. C., & Lozada, F. D. (2017) · Journal of Medical Cases · doi:10.14740/jmc2886w · Cited by 1
A atividade imunomoduladora de ArtinM sobre o curso da infecção por Cryptococcus gattii
Brito, P. K. M. O. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2019.tde-30052019-151910 · Cited by 1
De la bonne utilisation des antifongiques systémiques en réanimation
Timsit, J., Potton, L., Lugosi, M., Minet, C., Hamidfar-Roy, R., Ara-Somohano, C., Bonadona, A., & Schwebel, C. (2013) · Références en réanimation · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0389-0_7
NASİBOĞLU, B., Dokuzeylül, B., Alkan, F. A., Barutçu, Ü. B., & Or, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques · doi:10.31797/vetbio.482028
Midostaurin for FLT3-mutated Acute Myeloid Leukaemia – Considerations for Optimal Use
Ossenkoppele, G. J. (2019) · European Oncology & Haematology · doi:10.17925/eoh.2019.15.1.43
Clancy, C. J. (2014) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1304-6_10
Perlin, D. S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46718-4_29
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring
Ashbee, H. R. (2017) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0048
Commercialization of Biosurfactants
Alara, O. R., Nour, A. H., Alara, J. A., Tadé, M. O., & Ali, H. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21682-4_24
Kaushik, M., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., & Gulati, P. (2023) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815080056123020008
Pál, S. E. (2022) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.11334
A Brief Insight into Peptide and Non-Peptide Drugs of Fungal Origin
Mishra, A., Usha, P., & Sabareesh, V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5696-8_22 · Cited by 1
Caspofungin: Chemical characters, antifungal activities, and mechanism of actions
MOHAMED, S. H., AL‐Janabi, A. A. H. S., & Odda, A. H. (2024) · Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche · doi:10.23736/s0393-3660.24.05493-7
Choi, J.-J., Kang, S. H., Lee, Y., Lee, D.-H., Jang, Y., Goo, J.-I., Choi, Y., Lee, D., & Yun, C. (2025) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20250001
Diffusion-Mediated Quantification of Dose-Dependent Antifungal Drug Tolerance
Koohi, S. R., Galon, C. M., & Charlebois, D. A. (2026) · Biophysical Reports · doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674536
Karachrysafi, S., Karakousis, V. A., Liatsos, A. C., Kavvadas, D., Ioannou, D., Anastasiadou, P. A., Kofidou, E., Karampatakis, V. E., Sioga, A., Raikos, Ν., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262010129
Takehara, M., Homma, Y., Ishihara, T., Sakaguchi, Y. M., Kasai, Y., Matsumoto, K., Nakashima, K., Yamaji, T., Tanaka, Y., Imagawa, H., et al. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01503-y
Chen, J., Chen, C., Lin, X., Yan, J., Zheng, Y., Chen, P., & Li, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1840717
Arslan, E., Karaşahin, Ö., Sirin, B. Y., Turan, D., Olçar, Y., Elmas, U., Karadağ, F. Y., & Öztürk-Engin, D. (2026) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof12070537
Peptide G3 Suppresses Hyphal Development in Candida albicans by Disrupting β-1,3-Glucan
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Gu, C., Zhang, X., Jiang, X., Fan, X., Xu, H., & Chen, C. (2026) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c02457
Yang, J., Tan, J., Hu, Y., Lv, H., Yu, M., Yu, Y., Zhang, H., Han, L., & Huang, X. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.119368
BindingDB (2022) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2348q30
Metadata
- Authors
- Kofla, G., & Ruhnke, M.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ruhnke, M
- Venue
- European Journal of Medical Research
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 159
- ISSN
- 0949-2321 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-783X
- PMC
- PMC3352072
- OpenAlex
- W2072639782
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- European journal of medical research (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Keywords
- anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, echinocandins, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, liver dysfunction, loading dose, dosing regimen, fluconazole, amphotericin B
- MeSH terms
- Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin, Antifungal Agents, Drug Interactions, Humans, Molecular Structure, Biofilms, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Echinocandins, Lipopeptides, Candidiasis, Invasive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
