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Comprehensive plant disease classification and severity estimation for sustainable farming via automatic segmentation and multi-scale feature fusion

Gautam, Vinay, Kaur, Gaganpreet, Rani, Jyoti, Rajendran, Sathiyaraj, Ghantasala, G. S. Pradeep·2026·BMC Plant Biology
DOI 10.1186/s12870-026-09444-3
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Abstract

Detecting plant leaf diseases at an early stage is one of the most important requirements for sustainable agriculture, increasing crop productivity, and achieving the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, accurately recognizing them in real-world farm fields can still be difficult due to factors such as background complexity, changes in light conditions, and very similar looking classes from a visual standpoint. In order to solve these problems, the authors here present a new Multi-Scale Feature Fusion (MSFF) model that can offer robust and highly accurate performance in identifying plant leaf diseases. Firstly, the brand new hybrid method starts with a U-Net segmentation designed exclusively to separate the diseased parts and thus allow the classification to be more robust. Next, Rank Order Fuzzy (ROF) is implemented to get rid of the background while still maintaining the edges, and the additional data is used for the network to generalize better. The color distribution is then analyzed to determine the variations in color brought about by the infection. In terms of features, EfficientNet is paired with an Attention-based Autoencoder to produce both spatially detailed global features and compact latent representations. The two sets of features are then combined through Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) which not only identifies the dependencies between the features but also enhances the discriminative strength. The final fused feature set is fed to module based on YOLO for detection and classification in order to obtain the final result of the plant disease identification system which is both accurate and fast. Among other datasets, the model has been tested on different apple leaf datasets such as FGVC7, AppleLeafSet, PlantVillage Apple, Kaggle Apple Leaves, and ATLDSD, which contain five disease classes. The results of the experiments indicate a classification accuracy of 99.95%, thus the model is superior to several state-of-the-art deep learning and classical machine learning methods. Statistical methods like five-fold cross-validation, paired t-tests ( p < 0.05), and effect size analysis support the strength and importance of the model. Besides, the Grad-CAM heat maps also reveal that the model is pinpointing the disease areas that are biologically relevant. These findings make it very clear that the MSFF is a reliable, explainable, and scalable tool for precise plant disease recognition even in complex farming environments.

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Metadata

Authors
Gautam, V., Kaur, G., Rani, J., Rajendran, S., & Ghantasala, G. S. P.
Venue
BMC Plant Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2026-07-18
Volume
26
Issue
1
ISSN
1471-2229
DOI
10.1186/s12870-026-09444-3
Cited by
0
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Comprehensive plant disease classification and severity estimation for sustainable farming via automatic segmentation and multi-scale feature fusion. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s12870-026-09444-3
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Gautam, V., Kaur, G., Rani, J., Rajendran, S., & Ghantasala, G. S. P. (2026). Comprehensive plant disease classification and severity estimation for sustainable farming via automatic segmentation and multi-scale feature fusion. BMC Plant Biology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09444-3

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