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Cited by 6Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementBirth, Development, and HealthObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Factors affecting the growth of children till the age of three years with overweight whose mothers have diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study

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Huang, Yuan-Der, Luo, Yun-Ru, Lee, Meng-Chih, Yeh, Chih-Jung·2021·BMC Pediatrics
DOI 10.1186/s12887-021-02768-zPMC PMC8252317
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Abstract

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy and childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. Factors affecting the growth of children with overweight whose mothers had DM are complicated and inconclusive. Few longitudinal studies have focused on the growth of infants with macrosomia born to mothers with DM and the factors influencing their overweight. This study explored risk factors for childhood overweight/obesity (OWOB) among children of mothers with DM. Perinatal, maternal socio-demographic, infant care, and maternal body weight characteristics as well as child growth until age 3 years were analyzed using a longitudinal design. Methods: In total, 24,200 pairs of mothers and their children from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study were included. Combined Taiwan Children Growth Curve report classifications were analyzed for infant growth at birth and at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months old (m/o). A multiple logistic regression analysis with different model settings was used to assess factors affecting the growth of high birth weight children of mothers with diabetic mellitus (HODM). Results: Children in the HODM group had a higher average body weight than did those in the non-DM group at different age stages. Relative to the non-DM group, weight gain in the HODM group was slower before 18 m/o but faster from 18 to 36 m/o, particularly after 24 m/o. Maternal DM was a major risk factor for childhood OWOB (odds ratio [OR]: 3.25–3.95). After adjustment for related confounders, the OR was 2.19–3.17. Maternal overweight or obesity and higher gestational weight gain were greater risk factors for childhood OWOB at 3 years old after adjusted maternal DM and other selected confounders (OR: 1.45 and 1.23, respectively). Breastfeeding until 6 m/o was a protective factor against childhood OWOB (OR: 0.95). The HODM and non-DM groups did not differ significantly in perinatal, maternal socio-demographic, or infant care characteristics. Conclusions: Maternal DM is a major factor of childhood OWOB. Maternal body weight before and after pregnancy affects childhood OWOB, and this effect increases with the child’s age.

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Fig. 1 Growth in body weight of children in 4 groups. aRepeated measure ANOVA test for trend among 4 groups; *P < 0.0001. bCochran–Armitage test for trend among non-DM and HODM groups; *P < 0.05
Fig. 1 Growth in body weight of children in 4 groups. aRepeated measure ANOVA test for trend among 4 groups; *P < 0.0001. bCochran–Armitage test for trend among non-DM and HODM groups; *P < 0.05CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Body weight gain of children in 4 groups. aRepeated measure ANOVA test for trend among 4 groups; *P < 0.0001. bCochran–Armitage test for trend among non-DM and HODM groups; *P < 0.001
Fig. 2 Body weight gain of children in 4 groups. aRepeated measure ANOVA test for trend among 4 groups; *P < 0.0001. bCochran–Armitage test for trend among non-DM and HODM groups; *P < 0.001CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Percentage of OWOB among children in 4 groups at different ages. aχ2 test; *P < 0.001
Fig. 3 Percentage of OWOB among children in 4 groups at different ages. aχ2 test; *P < 0.001CC BY · PubMed Central

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References 22 · Cited by 6

Research works printed but not linked: 20

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Metadata

Authors
Huang, Y.-D., Luo, Y.-R., Lee, M.-C., & Yeh, C.-J.
Affiliations
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare (TW)
  • Chung Shan Medical University (TW)
  • Chaoyang University of Technology (TW)
Corresponding author
  • Lee, Meng-Chih
  • Yeh, Chih-Jung
ORCID
Venue
BMC Pediatrics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-07-02
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
298-298
ISSN
1471-2431 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12887-021-02768-z
PMC
PMC8252317
OpenAlex
W3173681501
Cited by
6
References
22
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2022: 3
FWCI
0.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Bureau of Health Promotion (DOH93-HP-1702)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
maternal diabetes, childhood overweight, childhood obesity, infant growth, macrosomia, gestational weight gain, maternal overweight, breastfeeding, risk factors, Taiwan Birth Cohort Study
MeSH terms
Birth Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Mothers, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Taiwan, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Factors affecting the growth of children till the age of three years with overweight whose mothers have diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s12887-021-02768-z
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Huang, Y.-D., Luo, Y.-R., Lee, M.-C., & Yeh, C.-J. (2021). Factors affecting the growth of children till the age of three years with overweight whose mothers have diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study. BMC Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02768-z