Cited by 272Cancer survivorship and careAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Assessment of depression severity with the PHQ-9 in cancer patients and in the general population

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Hinz, Andreas, Mehnert, Anja, Kocalevent, Rüya-Daniela, Brähler, Elmar, Forkmann, Thomas, Singer, Susanne, Schulte, Thomas·2016·BMC Psychiatry

DOI 10.1186/s12888-016-0728-6PMC PMC4736493

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9 is a widely used instrument to screen for depression in clinical research. The first aim of this study was to psychometrically test the PHQ-9 in a large sample of cancer patients. The second aim was to calculate unbiased estimates of the depression burden for several cancer groups taking into account age and gender distributions. METHODS: A sample of 2,059 cancer patients with varying diagnoses were examined in this study six months after discharge from a rehabilitation clinic. A representative sample of 2,693 people from the general population served as controls. Expected PHQ-9 mean scores of the general population sample, regressed on age and gender, were calculated to enable a fair comparison of different groups of cancer patients. RESULTS: While the reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for the PHQ-9 scale was good (alpha ≥ 0.84), the CFA fit indices of the one-dimensional solution were unsatisfactory in the patients' sample. The factorial analysis confirmed two factors. PHQ-9 mean scores for 15 types of cancer are given, ranging from 4.0 (prostate) to 8.2 (thyroid gland). Differences between expected mean scores (derived from the general population) and raw mean scores of the cancer subsamples are reported that provide a better estimate of the depression burden. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed that the PHQ-9 performs well in testing depression in cancer patients. Regression coefficients can be used for performing unbiased comparisons among cancer groups, not only for this study. The burden of patients with testis cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma is underestimated when age and gender are not taken into account.

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Additional file 2 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 4 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 2 of Bidimensional structure and measurement equivalence of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: sex-sensitive assessment of depressive symptoms in three representative German cohort studies
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Additional file 1 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 5 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 3 of Bidimensional structure and measurement equivalence of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: sex-sensitive assessment of depressive symptoms in three representative German cohort studies
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Additional file 4 of Bidimensional structure and measurement equivalence of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: sex-sensitive assessment of depressive symptoms in three representative German cohort studies
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Additional file 7 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 6 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Additional file 3 of Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors
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Erschens, R. S., Zipfel, S., Schröpel, C., Adam, S. H., Rometsch, C., Bentele, M., Heitmann, H., Binneböse, M., Zimmermann‐Schlegel, V., Reichert, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.113004

Authors: Hinz, A., Mehnert, A., Kocalevent, R.-D., Brähler, E., Forkmann, T., Singer, S., & Schulte, T.
Affiliations: Leipzig University (DE)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
Klinik Bad Oexen (DE)
Corresponding author: Hinz, Andreas
ORCID: Hinz, Andreas
Mehnert, Anja
Brähler, Elmar
Forkmann, Thomas
Singer, Susanne
Schulte, Thomas
Venue: BMC Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-02-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 22-22
ISSN: 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0728-6
PMC: PMC4736493
OpenAlex: W2265298155
Cited by: 272
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 8.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: PHQ-9, depression severity, cancer patients, psychometric validation, depression screening, cancer type differences, Hodgkin's disease, factor structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult

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Assessment of depression severity with the PHQ-9 in cancer patients and in the general population

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