CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 343Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingTreatment of Major Depression

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital

Open access
Sun, Yue, Fu, Zhaoyan, Bo, Qijing, Mao, Zhen, Ma, Xin, Wang, Chuanyue·2020·BMC Psychiatry
DOI 10.1186/s12888-020-02885-6PMC PMC7525967

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To assess the reliability and validity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to assess the feasibility of its use in psychiatric hospitals in China. METHODS: One hundred nine outpatients or inpatients with MDD who qualified the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria completed PHQ-9 and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Two weeks after the initial evaluation, 54 randomly selected patients underwent repeat assessment using PHQ-9. For validity analysis, the construct validity and criterion validity were assessed. The internal concordance coefficient and the test-retest correlation coefficients were used for reliability analysis. The correlation between total score and scores for each item and the correlation between scores for various items were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Principal components factor analysis showed good construct validity of the PHQ-9. PHQ-9 total score showed a positive correlation with HAMD-17 total score (r = 0.610, P < 0.001). With HAMD as the standard, PHQ-9 depression scores of 7, 15, and 21 points were used as cut-offs for mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. Consistency assessment was conducted between the depression severity as assessed by PHQ-9 and HAMD (Kappa = 0.229, P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient between PHQ-9 total score and HAMD total score was 0.594 (95% confidence interval, 0.456-0.704, P < 0.001). The Cronbach's α coefficient of PHQ-9 was 0.892. Correlation coefficients between each item score and the total score ranged from 0.567-0.789 (P < 0.01); the correlation coefficient between various item scores ranged from 0.233-0.747. The test-retest correlation coefficient for total score was 0.737. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 showed good reliability and validity, and high adaptability for patients with MDD in psychiatric hospital. It is a simple, rapid, effective, and reliable tool for screening and evaluation of the severity of depression.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12888-020-02885-6

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the study design and patient-selection criteria. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9 items, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; PCC, primary care clinic; HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Scale 17 items; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the study design and patient-selection criteria. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9 items, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; PCC, primary care clinic; HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Scale 17 items; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth editionCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Regression line graph of PHQ-9 total scores and HAMD total scores. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale
Fig. 2 Regression line graph of PHQ-9 total scores and HAMD total scores. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; HAMD: Hamilton Depression ScaleCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Chen Q, Wang W, Liu Z. Calculation and evaluation of the ICC. Chin J Health Stat. 2008;25:314–5.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 343

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Sun, Y., Fu, Z., Bo, Q., Mao, Z., Ma, X., & Wang, C.
Affiliations
Capital Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author
Bo, Qijing
ORCID
Venue
BMC Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-09-29
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
474-474
ISSN
1471-244X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12888-020-02885-6
PMC
PMC7525967
OpenAlex
W3089946977
Cited by
343
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 11
FWCI
29.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201807)
  • Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme (QML20171901)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (7192081)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901355)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
PHQ-9, major depressive disorder, depression severity assessment, depression screening, test-retest reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, psychiatric inpatients, Chinese patients
MeSH terms
Patient Health Questionnaire, China, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review