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Cited by 126Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMental Health Treatment and AccessFlood Risk Assessment and Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The English national cohort study of flooding and health: cross-sectional analysis of mental health outcomes at year one

Open access
Waite, Thomas David, Chaintarli, Katerina, Beck, Charles R., Bone, Angie, Amlôt, Richard, Kovats, Sari, Reacher, Mark, Armstrong, Ben, Leonardi, Giovanni, Rubin, G. James, Oliver, Isabel·2017·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-4000-2PMC PMC5273816
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: In winter 2013/14 there was widespread flooding in England. Previous studies have described an increased prevalence of psychological morbidity six months after flooding. Disruption to essential services may increase morbidity however there have been no studies examining whether those experiencing disruption but not directly flooded are affected. The National Study of Flooding and Health was established in order to investigate the longer-term impact of flooding and related disruptions on mental health and wellbeing. METHODS: In year one we conducted a cross sectional analysis of people living in neighbourhoods affected by flooding between 1 December 2013 and 31 March 2014. 8761 households were invited to participate. Participants were categorised according to exposure as flooded, disrupted by flooding or unaffected. We used validated instruments to screen for probable psychological morbidity, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 2), Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) checklist (PCL-6). We calculated prevalence and odds ratios for each outcome by exposure group relative to unaffected participants, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: 2126 people (23%) responded. The prevalence of psychological morbidity was elevated amongst flooded participants ([n = 622] depression 20.1%, anxiety 28.3%, PTSD 36.2%) and disrupted participants ([n = 1099] depression 9.6%, anxiety 10.7% PTSD 15.2%). Flooding was associated with higher odds of all outcomes (adjusted odds ratios (aORs), 95% CIs for depression 5.91 (3.91-10.99), anxiety 6.50 (3.77-11.24), PTSD 7.19 (4.33-11.93)). Flooded participants who reported domestic utilities disruption had higher odds of all outcomes than other flooded participants, (aORs, depression 6.19 (3.30-11.59), anxiety 6.64 (3.84-11.48), PTSD 7.27 (4.39-12.03) aORs without such disruption, depression, 3.14 (1.17-8.39), anxiety 3.45 (1.45-8.22), PTSD 2.90 (1.25-6.73)). Increased floodwater depth was significantly associated with higher odds of each outcome. Disruption without flooding was associated with borderline higher odds of anxiety (aOR 1.61 (0.94-2.77)) and higher odds of PTSD 2.06 (1.27-3.35)) compared with unaffected participants. Disruption to health/social care and work/education was also associated with higher odds of psychological morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an insight into the impact of flooding on mental health, suggesting that the impacts of flooding are large, prolonged and extend beyond just those whose homes are flooded.

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. World Health Organisation, Floods in the WHO European Region, health effects and their prevention. Eds Menne and Murray, Geneva, WHO Press, 2012.
  2. Tapsell SM, Tunstall SM, Wilson T. Banbury and Kidlington Four Years After the Flood, An Examination of the Long-Term Health Effects of Flooding. Report to the Environment Agency, Thames Region. Enfield: Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University; 2003.

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Metadata

Authors
Waite, T. D., Chaintarli, K., Beck, C. R., Bone, A., Amlôt, R., Kovats, S., Reacher, M., Armstrong, B., Leonardi, G., Rubin, G. J., & Oliver, I.
Affiliations
  • Public Health England (GB)
  • London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
  • King's College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Oliver, Isabel
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-01-28
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
129-129
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12889-016-4000-2
PMC
PMC5273816
OpenAlex
W2582095624
Cited by
126
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6
FWCI
16.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Institute for Health Research
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
Keywords
floods, mental health, psychological morbidity, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, service disruption, household welfare, flood exposure, generalized anxiety disorder, depression prevalence, anxiety prevalence, disaster mental health
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, England, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Floods

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