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Are young female suicides increasing? A comparison of sex-specific rates and characteristics of youth suicides in Australia over 2004-2014
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Australian mortality statistics suggest that young female suicides have increased since 2004 in comparison to young males, a pattern documented across other Western high-income countries. This may indicate a need for more targeted and multifaceted youth suicide prevention efforts. However, sex-based time trends are yet to be tested empirically within a comprehensive Australian sample. The aim of this study was to examine changes over time in sex-based rates and characteristics of all suicides among young people in Australia (2004-2014). METHODS: National Coronial Information System and Australian Bureau of Statistics data provided annual suicide counts and rates for 10-24-year-olds in Australia (2004-2014), stratified by sex, age group, Indigenous status and methods. Negative binomial regressions estimated time trends in population-stratified rates, and multinomial logistic regressions estimated time trends by major suicide methods (i.e., hanging, drug poisoning). RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2014, 3709 young Australians aged 10-24 years died by suicide. Whilst, overall, youth suicide rates did not increase significantly in Australia between 2004 and 2014, there was a significant increase in suicide rates for females (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.06), but not males. Rates were consistently higher among Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander youth, males, and in older (20-24-years) as compared to younger (15-19 years) age groups. Overall, the odds of using hanging as a method of suicide increased over time among both males and females, whilst the odds of using drug-poisoning did not change over this period. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that suicide rates among young females, but not young males, increased over the study period. Patterns were observed in the use of major suicide methods with hanging the most frequently used method among both sexes and more likely among younger and Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander groups. Findings highlight the need to broaden current conceptualizations of youth suicide to one increasingly involving young females, and strengthen the case for a multifaceted prevention approach that capitalize on young females' greater help-seeking propensity.
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“Rises in youth suicide rates have previously been reported in England and Wales (Bould et al., 2019), the USA (Ruch et al., 2019) and Australia (Stefanac et al., 2019).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Stefanac et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Although suicide rates are higher and are continuing to increase modestly for men and boys than for women and girls, in many countries rates are increasing more rapidly in young women than in young men.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
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“High-income countries were selected because recent studies have highlighted that some of the most striking rises in suicide rates have occurred in these settings (Bould et al., 2019; Ruch et al., 2019; Stefanac et al., 2019)”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Stefanac et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Suicide rates in young people have markedly increased in several high-income countries over the last decade (Bould et al., 2019; Ruch et al., 2019; Stefanac et al., 2019).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Stefanac et al., 2019
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Suicide Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review
Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hegerl, U., Lonnqvist, J., Malone, K., Marusic, A., et al. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2064 · Cited by 2,852
Adolescence: A foundation for future health
Sawyer, S. M., Afifi, R. A., Bearinger, L. H., Blakemore, S.-J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A. C., & Patton, G. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60072-5 · Cited by 2,635
Self-harm and suicide in adolescents
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60322-5 · Cited by 2,306
Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review
Zalsman, G., Hawton, K., Wasserman, D., van Heeringen, K., Arensman, E., Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Höschl, C., Barzilay, R., Balazs, J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30030-x · Cited by 1,765
Young People’s Help-Seeking for Mental Health Problems
Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005) · Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.4.3.218 · Cited by 1,619
Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2014) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 1,009
The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: a 14-year prospective cohort study
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Mackinnon, A., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Olsson, C. A., & Moran, P. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62116-9 · Cited by 527
Help-Seeking for Suicidal Thoughts and Self-Harm in Young People: A Systematic Review
Michelmore, L., & Hindley, P. (2012) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00108.x · Cited by 346
Suicide and Serious Suicide Attempts in Youth: A Multiple-Group Comparison Study
Beautrais, A. L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1093 · Cited by 336
National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness
Appleby, L., Shaw, J. J., & Amos, T. (1997) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.170.2.101 · Cited by 301
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Cox, G., O’Neill, S. M., & Kavalidou, K. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2569619
Pollock, N. J., Liu, L., Wilson, M., Reccord, C., Power, N., Mulay, S., Karaivanov, Y., & Tonmyr, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14903810
Gang, M., Ahn, Y., & Gwak, D. (2026) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20260210-03
The recent trend in youth suicide and its associated factors in South Korea: a time series analysis
Choi, M., Lee, Y. H., Ki, M., & Chang, S. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2026.101924
Metadata
- Authors
- Stefanac, N., Hetrick, S., Hulbert, C., Spittal, M. J., Witt, K., & Robinson, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Orygen (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Jo
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2019-10-28
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1389-1389
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6819336
- OpenAlex
- W2982186017
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 8.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Auckland Medical Research Foundation
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (PDF-0-145-16)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- youth suicide, young women, sex differences in suicide, suicide rates, temporal trends, hanging, drug poisoning, suicide methods, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, Indigenous status, suicide prevention, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Australia, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Suicide, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
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