Cited by 184HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Critical race theory as a tool for understanding poor engagement along the HIV care continuum among African American/Black and Hispanic persons living with HIV in the United States: a qualitative exploration

Open access

Freeman, Robert, Gwadz, Marya Viorst, Silverman, Elizabeth, Kutnick, Alexandra, Leonard, Noelle R., Ritchie, Amanda S., Reed, Jennifer, Martinez, Belkis Y.·2017·International Journal for Equity in Health

DOI 10.1186/s12939-017-0549-3PMC PMC5364619

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: African American/Black and Hispanic persons living with HIV (AABH-PLWH) in the U.S. evidence insufficient engagement in HIV care and low uptake of HIV antiretroviral therapy, leading to suboptimal clinical outcomes. The present qualitative study used critical race theory, and incorporated intersectionality theory, to understand AABH-PLWH's perspectives on the mechanisms by which structural racism; that is, the macro-level systems that reinforce inequities among racial/ethnic groups, influence health decisions and behaviors. METHODS: Participants were adult AABH-PLWH in New York City who were not taking antiretroviral therapy nor well engaged in HIV care (N = 37). Participants were purposively sampled for maximum variation from a larger study, and engaged in semi-structured in-depth interviews that were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using a systematic content analysis approach. RESULTS: We found AABH-PLWH experienced HIV care and medication decisions through a historical and cultural lens incorporating knowledge of past and present structural racism. This contextual knowledge included awareness of past maltreatment of people of color in medical research. Further, these understandings were linked to the history of HIV antiretroviral therapy itself, including awareness of the first HIV antiretroviral regimen; namely, AZT (zidovudine) mono-therapy, which was initially prescribed in unacceptably high doses, causing serious side effects, but with only modest efficacy. In this historical/cultural context, aspects of structural racism negatively influenced health care decisions and behavior in four main ways: 1) via the extent to which healthcare settings were experienced as overly institutionalized and, therefore, dehumanizing; 2) distrust of medical institutions and healthcare providers, which led AABH-PLWH to feel pressured to take HIV antiretroviral therapy when it was offered; 3) perceptions that patients are excluded from the health decision-making process; and 4) an over-emphasis on antiretroviral therapy compared to other non-HIV related priorities. We found that although participants were located at the intersection of multiple social categories (e.g., gender, social class, AABH race/ethnicity), race/ethnicity and social class were described as primary factors. CONCLUSIONS: Critical race theory proved useful in uncovering how macro-level structural racism affects individual-level health decisions and behaviors. HIV clinical settings can counter-balance the effects of structural racism by building "structural competency," and interventions fostering core self-determination needs including autonomy may prove culturally appropriate and beneficial for AABH-PLWH.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12939-017-0549-3

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 11,584
The Content Analysis Guidebook
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017) · doi:10.4135/9781071802878 · Cited by 9,286 · cited 1×
“We used a systematic content analysis approach [47, 48] that was both theory-driven and inductive.”
Method
Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119013563 · Cited by 8,473
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0012801 · Cited by 6,664
Qualitative Content Analysis
Mayring, P. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 · Cited by 6,604
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.
Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. (2003) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/1bbm-d7bq · Cited by 6,567
Critical race theory: an introduction
Delgado, R., Stefancic, J., & Harris, A. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-2938 · Cited by 5,992

Show all 77 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Drisko J, Maschi T. Content analysis. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016.

Sorted by citations

Racism in healthcare: a scoping review
Hamed, S., Bradby, H., Ahlberg, B. M., & Thapar-Björkert, S. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13122-y · Cited by 444
Women and Suicidal Behavior
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194
Facilitators and Barriers to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use Among Black Individuals in the United States: Results from the National Survey on HIV in the Black Community (NSHBC)
Ojikutu, B. O., Bogart, L. M., Higgins-Biddle, M., Dale, S. K., Allen, W., Dominique, T., & Mayer, K. H. (2018) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2067-8 · Cited by 145
COVID-19, Telemedicine, and Patient Empowerment in HIV Care and Research
Mgbako, O. U., Miller, E. H., Santoro, A. F., Remien, R. H., Shalev, N., Olender, S., Gordon, P. C., & Sobieszczyk, M. E. (2020) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02926-x · Cited by 104
Role of Structural Marginalization, HIV Stigma, and Mistrust on HIV Prevention and Treatment Among Young Black Latinx Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: Perspectives from Youth Service Providers
Arrington‐Sanders, R., Hailey‐Fair, K., Wirtz, A. L., Morgan, A. R., Brooks, D., Castillo, M., Trexler, C., Kwait, J. L., Dowshen, N., Galai, N., et al. (2020) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2019.0165 · Cited by 97
Doing battle with “the monster”: How high-risk heterosexuals experience and successfully manage HIV stigma as a barrier to HIV testing
Gwadz, M. V., Leonard, N. R., Honig, S., Freeman, R., Kutnick, A. H., & Ritchie, A. S. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0761-9 · Cited by 101
Self-citation
Medical Mistrust and PrEP Perceptions Among Transgender Women: A Cluster Analysis
D’Avanzo, P. A., Bass, S. B., Brajuha, J. A., Gutierrez-Mock, L., Ventriglia, N., Wellington, C., & Sevelius, J. M. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1585325 · Cited by 88
Preferences for Injectable PrEP Among Young U.S. Cisgender Men and Transgender Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men
Biello, K. B., Hosek, S., Drucker, M. T., Belzer, M. E., Mimiaga, M. J., Marrow, E., Coffey-Esquivel, J., Brothers, J., & Mayer, K. H. (2017) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1049-7 · Cited by 82
A Scoping Review of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Stigma and Implications for Stigma-Reduction Interventions for Men and Transwomen Who Have Sex with Men
Rosengren, A. L., Lelutiu‐Weinberger, C., Woodhouse, E. W., Sandanapitchai, P., & Hightow‐Weidman, L. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03135-2 · Cited by 84
The critical importance of community health workers as first responders to COVID-19 in USA
Rahman, R., Ross, A. M., & Pinto, R. M. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab008 · Cited by 79
HIV-related outcome disparities between transgender women living with HIV and cisgender people living with HIV served by the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program: A retrospective study
Klein, P. W., Psihopaidas, D., Xavier, J. M., & Cohen, S. M. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003125 · Cited by 74
Seeing the Window, Finding the Spider: Applying Critical Race Theory to Medical Education to Make Up Where Biomedical Models and Social Determinants of Health Curricula Fall Short
Tsai, J. W., Lindo, E. G., & Bridges, K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.653643 · Cited by 80
Improving HIV Care Engagement in the South from the Patient and Provider Perspective: The Role of Stigma, Social Support, and Shared Decision-Making
Taylor, B. S., Fornos, L. B., Tarbutton, J., Muñoz, J., Saber, J. A., Bullock, D., Villarreal, R. E., & Nijhawan, A. E. (2018) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2018.0039 · Cited by 63
A Systematic Review of Factors Critical for HIV Health Literacy, ART Adherence and Retention in Care in the U.S. for Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Mgbako, O. U., Conard, R., Mellins, C. A., Dācus, J.-D., & Remien, R. H. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03680-y · Cited by 64
An integrative literature review and critical reflection of intersectionality theory
Ruiz, A. M., Luebke, J. M., Klein, K., Moore, K. M., Gonzalez, M., Dressel, A. E., & Mkandawire‐Valhmu, L. (2021) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12414 · Cited by 75
A typology of power in implementation: Building on the exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainment (EPIS) framework to advance mental health and HIV health equity
Stanton, M. C., Ali, S., & the SUSTAIN Center Team (2022) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895211064250 · Cited by 44
Understanding why racial/ethnic inequities along the HIV care continuum persist in the United States: a qualitative exploration of systemic barriers from the perspectives of African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV
Filippone, P., Serrano, S. E., Campos, S., Freeman, R., Cluesman, S. R., Israel, K., Amos, B., Cleland, C. M., & Gwadz, M. V. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01992-6 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Understanding long-term HIV survivorship among African American/Black and Latinx persons living with HIV in the United States: a qualitative exploration through the lens of symbolic violence
Freeman, R., Gwadz, M. V., Wilton, L., Collins, L. M., Dorsen, C. G., Hawkins, R. L., Silverman, E., Martinez, B. Y., Leonard, N. R., Applegate, A. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01253-w · Cited by 37
Self-citation
The concept of intersectionality in bioethics: a systematic review
Brünig, L., Kahrass, H., & Salloch, S. (2024) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-024-01057-5 · Cited by 38
Trends in Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Linkage to Medical Care, and Viral Suppression Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, by Race/Ethnicity and Age — 33 Jurisdictions, United States, 2014–2018
Jeffries, W. L., Dailey, A. F., Jin, C., Carter, J. W., & Scales, L. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6938a1 · Cited by 30
Addressing Racism's Role in the US HIV Epidemic: Qualitative Findings From Three Ending the HIV Epidemic Prevention Projects
Harrison, S. E., Muessig, K. E., Poteat, T., Koester, K. A., Vecchio, A., Paton, M. J., Miller, S. J., Pereira, N., Harris, O., Myers, J. J., et al. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002965 · Cited by 30
“He Gave Me Spirit and Hope”: Client Experiences with the Implementation of Community Health Worker Programs in HIV Care
Davoust, M. J., Drainoni, M., Baughman, A. L., Rojo, M. C., Estes, T., Rajabiun, S., Ross-Davis, K. L., Mccann, K., Sullivan, M., Todd, L., et al. (2021) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2021.0085 · Cited by 27
Intersectionality in nursing research: A scoping review
Sherman, A. D. F., Febres‐Cordero, S., Johnson, K. B., Clark, K. D., Klepper, M., Duroseau, B., Lin, Y., Zhang, W., Coleman, M., Prakash, D., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100155 · Cited by 30
Health Behavior Theory to Enhance eHealth Intervention Research in HIV: Rationale and Review
Simoni, J. M., Ronen, K., & Aunon, F. M. (2018) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0418-8 · Cited by 29
Stopping, starting, and sustaining HIV antiretroviral therapy: a mixed-methods exploration among African American/Black and Latino long-term survivors of HIV in an urban context
Gwadz, M. V., Cleland, C. M., Freeman, R., Wilton, L., Collins, L. M., Hawkins, R. L., Ritchie, A. S., Leonard, N. R., Jonas, D. F., Korman, A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10464-x · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Advancing behavioral interventions for African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV using a new conceptual model that integrates critical race theory, harm reduction, and self-determination theory: a qualitative exploratory study
Gwadz, M. V., Cluesman, S. R., Freeman, R., Collins, L. M., Dorsen, C. G., Hawkins, R. L., Cleland, C. M., Wilton, L., Ritchie, A. S., Torbjornsen, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01699-0 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Lessons learned from community engagement regarding phylodynamic research with molecular HIV surveillance data
Tordoff, D. M., Minalga, B., Trejo, A., Shook, A. G., Kerani, R. P., & Herbeck, J. T. (2023) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.26111 · Cited by 23
Beyond Interpretation: The Unmet Need for Linguistically and Culturally Competent Care for Latinx People Living with HIV in a Southern Region with a Low Density of Spanish Speakers
Sherbuk, J. E., de Guex, K. P., Añazco, D., Knight, S., McManus, K. A., Flickinger, T., & Dillingham, R. (2020) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2020.0088 · Cited by 22
Prevalence of anal cytology screening among persons with HIV and lack of access to high-resolution anoscopy at HIV care facilities
Rim, S. H., Beer, L., Saraiya, M., Tie, Y., Yuan, X., & Weiser, J. K. (2024) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djae094 · Cited by 21
Experiences of HIV-infected adults and healthcare providers with healthcare delivery practices that influence engagement in US primary healthcare settings: a qualitative systematic review
Norberg, A., NELSON, J. A., Holly, C. M., Jewell, S., Lieggi, M., & Salmond, S. W. (2019) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003756 · Cited by 22
The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Differences in HIV clinical outcomes amongst heterosexuals in the United Kingdom by ethnicity
Dhairyawan, R., Okhai, H., Hill, T., & Sabin, C. A. (2021) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002942 · Cited by 20
Rethinking Traumatic Brain Injury from Intimate Partner Violence: A Theoretical Model of the Cycle of Transmission
Ivany, A. S., & Schminkey, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2019.1632400 · Cited by 24
“Like a ticking time bomb”: the persistence of trauma in the HIV diagnosis experience among black men who have sex with men in New York City
Mgbako, O. U., Benoit, E., Iyengar, N. S., Kuhner, C., Brinker, D. A., & Duncan, D. T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09342-9 · Cited by 20
Black Health Education Collaborative: the important role of Critical Race Theory in disrupting anti-Black racism in medical practice and education
Douglas, D. D., Ndumbe-Eyoh, S., Osei-Tutu, K. B., Hamilton-Hinch, B., Watson-Creed, G., Nnorom, O., & Dryden, O. H. (2022) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.221503 · Cited by 18
Exploring behavioral intervention components for African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV with non-suppressed HIV viral load in the United States: a qualitative study
Cluesman, S. R., Gwadz, M. V., Freeman, R., Collins, L. M., Cleland, C. M., Wilton, L., Hawkins, R. L., Leonard, N. R., Silverman, E., Maslow, C. B., et al. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01836-3 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
A Demographic Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Minority Enrollment Into HVTN Preventive Early Phase HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials Conducted in the United States, 2002-2016
Huamani, K. F., Metch, B. J., Broder, G. B., & Andrasik, M. P. (2018) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354918814260 · Cited by 16
Understanding Medical Distrust Among African American/Black and Latino Persons Living With HIV With Sub-Optimal Engagement Along the HIV Care Continuum: A Machine Learning Approach
He, N., Cleland, C. M., Gwadz, M. V., Sherpa, D., Ritchie, A. S., Martinez, B. Y., & Collins, L. M. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211061314 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
“Like I Have No Choice”: A Qualitative Exploration of HIV Diagnosis and Medical Care Experiences While Incarcerated and Their Effects
Kutnick, A. H., Leonard, N. R., & Gwadz, M. V. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1591338 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Racism in German healthcare: uncovering the construction and silencing of the “other”
Gangarova, T., Yildiz, M., & Kabangu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1485933 · Cited by 17
Mechanisms for racial separation and inequitable maternal care in hospital maternity wards
Daoud, N., Abu-Hamad, S., Berger-Polsky, A., Davidovitch, N., & Orshalimy, S. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114551 · Cited by 15
A Qualitative Exploration of Stressors: Voices of African American Women who have Experienced Each Type of Fetal/Infant Loss: Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and Infant Mortality
Evans, N. M., Hsu, Y.-L., Kabasele, C. M., Kirkland, C., Pantuso, D., & Hicks, S. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221127833 · Cited by 21
Rapid or Immediate ART, HIV Stigma, Medical Mistrust, and Retention in Care: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Pilot Study
Mgbako, O. U., Loughran, C., Mathu, R., Castor, D., McLean, J., Sobieszczyk, M. E., Olender, S., Gordon, P. C., Lopez-Ríos, J., & Remien, R. H. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04058-4 · Cited by 15
Conspiracy Beliefs Are Not Necessarily a Barrier to Engagement in HIV Care Among Urban, Low-Income People of Color Living with HIV
Jaiswal, J., Singer, S. N., Tomas, M. G., & Lekas, H. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0466-1 · Cited by 15
Understanding the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Virologic Failure in the Era of Undetectable Equals Untransmittable
Gunn, J. K. L., Patterson, W., Anderson, B. J., & Swain, C.-A. E. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03154-z · Cited by 13
Comorbidities among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida: a network analysis
Ahmed, S., Algarin, A. B., Thadar, H., Zhou, Z., Taskin, T., Vaddiparti, K., Villalba, K., Wang, Y., Ennis, N., Morano, J. P., et al. (2022) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2022.2038363 · Cited by 14
The medical practice of silencing
Dhairyawan, R. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01659-7 · Cited by 14
Aging with HIV: Working to Ensure Equity and Inclusion
Brennan‐Ing, M., & Mattas, E. (2023) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000530723 · Cited by 15
Health Inequities in Historical Context: A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Diabetes among African Americans and American Indians
Mitchell, F. M., Sangalang, C. C., Lechuga-Peña, S., Lopez, K., & Becerra, D. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09301-4 · Cited by 16
Patient-Identified Markers of Quality Care: Improving HIV Service Delivery for Older African Americans
Mitchell, B. D., Utterback, L., Hibbeler, P. G., Logsdon, A. R., Smith, P. F., Harris, L. M., Castle, B. F., Kerr, J., & Crawford, T. N. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01237-2 · Cited by 13
Intersectional Discrimination in HIV Healthcare Settings Among Persons with Diagnosed HIV in the United States, Medical Monitoring Project, 2018–2019
McCree, D. H., Beer, L., Crim, S. M., Kota, K. K., Baugher, A. R., Jeffries, W. L., Patel, D., Marcus, R., Yuan, X., & Shouse, R. L. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04076-2 · Cited by 15
Sociodemographic Correlates of Self-reported Discrimination in HIV Health Care Settings Among Persons With Diagnosed HIV in the United States, Medical Monitoring Project, 2018–2019
McCree, D. H., Beer, L., Jeffries, W. L., Tie, Y., Fagan, J., & Crim, S. M. (2021) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002788 · Cited by 13
The Structural and Intercultural Competence for Epidemiological Studies (SICES) guidelines: a 22-item checklist
Hernáez, Á. M., Bekele, D., Sabariego, C., Rodríguez‐Laso, Á., Vorstenbosch, E., Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Niubo, A. S., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., & Haro, J. M. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005237 · Cited by 12
The behavioral, cellular and immune mediators of HIV-1 acquisition: New insights from population genetics
Powell, T. R., Duarte, R. R. R., Hotopf, M. H., Hatch, S. L., Rougvie, M. D. M., Breen, G. D., Lewis, C. M., & Nixon, D. F. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59256-0 · Cited by 13
Sex Differences in Early Life
Wong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy: The Need for a Health Equity Approach
Mgbako, O. U., Sobieszczyk, M. E., Olender, S., Gordon, P. C., Zucker, J. E., Tross, S., Castor, D., & Remien, R. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197345 · Cited by 11
Association of mental health symptoms on HIV care outcomes and retention in treatment
López, C. M., Moreland, A. D., Goodrum, N. M., Davies, F., Meissner, E. G., & Danielson, C. K. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.03.003 · Cited by 11
Individual and neighborhood predictors of retention in care and viral suppression among Florida youth (aged 13–24) living with HIV in 2015
Gebrezgi, M. T., Sheehan, D. M., Mauck, D. E., Fennie, K., Ibañez, G. E., Spencer, E. C., Maddox, L. M., & Trepka, M. J. (2019) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462419857302 · Cited by 11
CD4 Count at Entry into Care and at Antiretroviral Therapy Prescription among Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States, 2005-2018
Lee, J. S., Humes, E., Hogan, B., Buchacz, K. A., Eron, J. J., Gill, M. J., Sterling, T. R., Rebeiro, P. F., Lima, V. D., Mayor, Á. M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1904 · Cited by 11
A virtual pilot optimization trial for African American/Black and Latino persons with non-suppressed HIV viral load grounded in motivational interviewing and behavioral economics
Filippone, P., Serrano, S. E., Gwadz, M. V., Cleland, C. M., Freeman, R., Linnemayr, S., Cluesman, S. R., Campos, S., Rosmarin-DeStefano, C. L., Amos, B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1167104 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Unpacking racism during COVID-19: narratives from racialized Canadian gay, bisexual, and queer men
Grey, C., Tian, I. L., Skakoon‐Sparling, S., Daroya, E., Klassen, B., Lessard, D., Gaspar, M., Sinno, J., Sang, J. M., Perez‐Brumer, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01961-z · Cited by 10
Depression Treatment Status of Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults
Cobb, S., Bazargan, M., Sandoval, J. C., Wisseh, C., Evans, M. C., & Assari, S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030154 · Cited by 11
The Not So Subtle and Status Quo Maintaining Nature of Everyday Sexism
Vescio, T. K., & Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.019 · Cited by 10
Structural Racism Conceptualization and Operationalization for Research for the U.S. HIV Epidemic: Findings from a Scoping Review and Implications for Advancing Research for Structural Interventions
Muno, B. A., Islam, J. Y., Schwartz, R., Wallace, S., Camacho-Rivera, M., & Patel, R. C. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04417-9 · Cited by 9
Racial Disparities in Healthcare: How COVID-19 Ravaged One of the Wealthiest African American Counties in the United States
Reed, D. D. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1868371 · Cited by 9
Investigating associated factors of primary and specialist health care utilization among people with selected nationalities: results of a multilingual survey in two German federal states
Loer, A.-K. M., Koschollek, C., & Hövener, C. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08419-y · Cited by 9
Behavioral intervention grounded in motivational interviewing and behavioral economics shows promise with Black and English-speaking Latino persons living with HIV with unsuppressed HIV viral load in New York City: A mixed methods pilot study
Gwadz, M. V., Serrano, S. E., Linnemayr, S., Cleland, C. M., Cluesman, S. R., Freeman, R., Kellam, K., Stefano, C. D., Israel, K., & Pan, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.916224 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Developing a triage tool for use in identifying people living with HIV who are at risk for non-retention in HIV care
Gebrezgi, M. T., Fennie, K., Sheehan, D. M., Ibrahimou, B., Jones, S. G., Brock, P., Ladner, R. A., & Trepka, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462419893538 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Gender and Culture in Consumer Behavior
Ng, S., Bharti, M., & Faust, N. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.021 · Cited by 9
Implicit Bias Against BIPOC Patients in Clinical Settings: A Qualitative Review
Kabir, R., & Zaidi, S. T. (2022) · Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.9741/2766-7227.1014 · Cited by 8
Cultural Influences on Body Image and Body Esteem
Sotiriou, E. G., & Awad, G. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.018 · Cited by 8
Optimizing usability of a mobile health intervention for Spanish-speaking Latinx people with HIV through user-centered design: a post-implementation study
de Guex, K. P., Flickinger, T., Mayevsky, L., Zaveri, H., Goncalves, M., Reed, H., Pesina, L., & Dillingham, R. (2023) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad083 · Cited by 8
The invisibility of Black and Latina women in sexual health care: shifting from biological individualism to intersectionality
Small, L., Beltran, R. M., Cordero, L., Lau, C., Shanur, S., & Ochoa, A. M. (2022) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2022.2124458 · Cited by 9
A qualitative analysis of Black men’s attitudes toward obesity and bariatric surgery
Myneni, A. A., Simmonds, I., Orom, H., Anderson, L. M., Singh, R. K. P. G., Homish, G. G., Wright, A. J., Pigott, S., Onoh, J. C., Hoffman, A. B., et al. (2023) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2023.03.016 · Cited by 7
Health equity for Black sexually minoritised men through status-neutral HIV care
Pagkas-Bather, J., Motley, D., & Schneider, J. A. (2024) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(24)00032-8 · Cited by 7
Recall and Appraisal of the Risks, Benefits, and Objectives of Interrupting HIV Treatment in an HIV Cure-Related Study
Korolkova, A., Ndukwe, S., Dee, L., Deeks, S. G., Peluso, M. J., Hoh, R., Rodriguez, A., Sugarman, J., Garcia, L. R., Dubé, K., et al. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04485-x · Cited by 7
A Qualitative Exploration of “Mother First” Identity and Antiretroviral Adherence among African American Women Living with HIV in the Mid-South Region of the United States
Kedia, S., Dillon, P., & Basu, A. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1623641 · Cited by 7
Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Tool to Identify People with HIV Infection Likely Not to Achieve Viral Suppression
Gebrezgi, M. T., Fennie, K., Sheehan, D. M., Ibrahimou, B., Jones, S. G., Brock, P., Ladner, R. A., & Trepka, M. J. (2020) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2019.0224 · Cited by 7
What Do Adults With HIV Want? End-of-Life Care Goals, Values and Beliefs by Gender, Race, Sexual Orientation
Grill, K. B., Wang, J., Scott, R. K., Benator, D., D’Angelo, L. J., & Lyon, M. E. (2021) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909120988282 · Cited by 7
Intimate Relationships
Mozafari, A. R., & Xu, X. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.029 · Cited by 7
Methodological Insights From an Experience-Based Co-Design Method Applied to a Study of Older Adults Living with HIV’s Perspectives on Virtual Geriatric Care
Kokorelias, K. M., Wasilewski, M. B., Singh, H., Valentine, D., Eaton, A. D., Sheppard, C. L., & Sirisegaram, L. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069251344357 · Cited by 5
Infectious addictions: Geographies of colliding epidemics
King, B. H., & Rishworth, A. (2021) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/03091325211052040 · Cited by 6
Sexual Assault
Koss, M. P., Hansen, M., Anderson, E. J., Bach, M. H., & Bramsen, R. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.035 · Cited by 5
Talking about inequities: A comparative analysis of COVID-19 narratives in the UK, US, and Brazil
Evered, J. A., Castellanos, M. E. P., Dowrick, A., Germani, A. C. C. G., Rai, T., de Souza, A. N., Qureshi, K., Conceição, M. I. G., Cabral, I. E., & Grob, R. (2023) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100277 · Cited by 6
Systemic Delays in the Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for Clinically Eligible HIV-Infected Patients in Houston, Texas
Mgbere, O. O., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Vigil, K. J., McNeese, M. L., Tabassam, F. H., Barahmani, N., Wang, J., Arafat, R. R., & Essien, E. J. (2018) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/2325958218774042 · Cited by 5
Factors associated with loss to follow up among HIV-exposed children: a historical cohort study from 2000 to 2017, in Porto Alegre, Brazil
Calvo, K. D. S., Knauth, D. R., Hentges, B., Leal, A. F., da Silva, M. A., Silva, D. L., Vasques, S. C., Hamester, L., da Silva, D. A. R., Dorneles, F. V., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13791-9 · Cited by 5
Social vulnerabilities and reported discrimination in health care among HIV-positive medical case management clients in New York City.
Penrose, K., Robertson, M. M., Nash, D., Harriman, G., & Irvine, M. K. (2019) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000187 · Cited by 4
“We Are Not Taking a Backseat”: Health Social Workers’ Perspectives on COVID-19 Response and Recovery
Ross, A. M., Schneider, S., & Boskey, E. R. (2022) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlac025 · Cited by 4
Understanding Vaccine Perceptions and Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination: Opportunities to Strengthen Public Health Responses and COVID-19 Services for People Who Use Drugs
Jordan, A. E., Izar, R., Nicolas, R., Beharie, N., & Harocopos, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122044 · Cited by 4
At the Crossroads of Women’s Experience
Pang, J. S., & Baumann, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.015 · Cited by 4
Disparities of COVID-19 and HIV Occurrence Based on Neighborhood Infection Incidence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Goldstein, N. D., Webster, J. L., Robinson, L. F., & Welles, S. L. (2022) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306538 · Cited by 4
Sex/Gender Differences in the Brain and their Relationship to Behavior
Eliot, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.007 · Cited by 4
Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
Macleod, C. I., & Morison, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.011 · Cited by 5
Exploring intervention components grounded in critical race theory, harm reduction, and self-determination theory: A qualitative study with Black and Latino persons living with HIV in the United StatesPreprint
Cluesman, S. R., & Gwadz, M. V. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1385270/v1 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
‘Sometimes white doctors are not very friendly or inclusive’: a Critical Race Theory analysis of racism within and beyond sexual health settings
Hassan, A., Dulai, J. J. S., Stewart, M., Ryu, H., Anand, P., Worthington, C., Gilbert, M., & Grace, D. (2024) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2024.2367683 · Cited by 3
Social needs and hospital readmission in persons living with HIV
Zhou, G.-J., Mintz, L., Schiltz, N., Spilsbury, J. C., Bensken, W., Osazuwa-Peters, N., & Koroukian, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96069-5 · Cited by 2
Resolving Challenges in HIV Cure–Related Research: Protocol for a Modified Delphi Consensus-Building Process
Sauceda, J. A., Korolkova, A., Garcia, L. R., Picou, B., Ahmed, A., & Dubé, K. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/67123 · Cited by 3
Predictors of Viral Suppression Among People Living with HIV in Rural Oregon
Menza, T. W., Jensen, A., & Hixson, L. K. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04145-6 · Cited by 3
Career Development of Women
Leung, S. A., & Cinamon, R. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.024 · Cited by 4
Understanding Gender Inequality in Poverty and Social Exclusion through a Psychological Lens
Zhang, M. F., & Gordon, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.033 · Cited by 3

Advancing behavioral interventions for African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV by integrating critical race theory, harm reduction, and self-determination theory: A qualitative exploratory studyPreprint
Gwadz, M. V. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1344207/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Exploring behavioral intervention components for African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV with non-suppressed HIV viral load in the United States: a qualitative study
Cluesman, S. R., Gwadz, M. V., Freeman, R., Collins, L. M., Cleland, C. M., Wilton, L., Hawkins, R. L., Leonard, N. R., Silverman, E., Maslow, C. B., et al. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01836-3 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Advancing behavioral interventions for African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV using a new conceptual model that integrates critical race theory, harm reduction, and self-determination theory: a qualitative exploratory study
Gwadz, M. V., Cluesman, S. R., Freeman, R., Collins, L. M., Dorsen, C. G., Hawkins, R. L., Cleland, C. M., Wilton, L., Ritchie, A. S., Torbjornsen, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01699-0 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Is racism a barrier to HIV care continuum engagement among Black People in the United States? A scoping review to assess the state of the science and inform a research agenda
Ford, C. L., Cook, M. C., & Cross, R. I. (2024) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxae005 · Cited by 1
Understanding why racial/ethnic inequities along the HIV care continuum persist in the United States: a qualitative exploration of systemic barriers from the perspectives of African American/Black and Latino persons living with HIV
Filippone, P., Serrano, S. E., Campos, S., Freeman, R., Cluesman, S. R., Israel, K., Amos, B., Cleland, C. M., & Gwadz, M. V. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01992-6 · Cited by 40
Self-citation

See all

Authors: Freeman, R., Gwadz, M. V., Silverman, E., Kutnick, A., Leonard, N. R., Ritchie, A. S., Reed, J., & Martinez, B. Y.
Affiliations: Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (US)
Corresponding author: Gwadz, Marya Viorst
ORCID: Freeman, Robert
Gwadz, Marya Viorst
Leonard, Noelle R.
Reed, Jennifer
Venue: International Journal for Equity in Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-03-24
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 54-54
ISSN: 1475-9276 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0549-3
PMC: PMC5364619
OpenAlex: W2597414543
Cited by: 184
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 17.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal for Equity in Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH093352)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA01104)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: HIV care engagement, antiretroviral therapy uptake, structural racism, critical race theory, intersectionality, structural competency, patient decision-making, zidovudine
MeSH terms: Adult, Black or African American, Decision Making, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Social Class, United States, Health Behavior, HIV Infections, Personal Autonomy, Trust, Qualitative Research, Cultural Competency, Racism, Social Discrimination

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Critical race theory as a tool for understanding poor engagement along the HIV care continuum among African American/Black and Hispanic persons living with HIV in the United States: a qualitative exploration

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks