The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Empirical evidence shows that the relationship between health-seeking behaviour and diverse gender elements, such as gendered social status, social control, ideology, gender process, marital status and procreative status, changes across settings. Given the high relevance of social settings, this paper intends to explore how gender elements interact with health-seeking practices among men and women residing in an Indian urban slum, in consideration of the unique socio-cultural context that characterises India's slums. METHODS: The study was conducted in Sahid Smriti Colony, a peri-urban slum of Kolkata, India. The referral technique was used for selecting participants, as people in the study area were not very comfortable in discussing their health issues and health-seeking behaviours. The final sample included 66 participants, 34 men and 32 women. Data was collected through individual face-to-face in-depth interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The data analysis shows six categories of reasons underlying women's preferences for informal healers, which are presented in the form of the following themes: cultural competency of care, easy communication, gender-induced affordability, avoidance of social stigma and labelling, living with the burden of cultural expectations and geographical and cognitive distance of formal health care. In case of men ease of access, quality of treatment and expected outcome of therapies are the three themes that emerged as the reasons behind their preferences for formal care. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that both men and women utilise formal and informal care, but with different motives and expectations, leading to contrasting health-seeking outcomes. These gender-induced contrasts relate to a preference for socio-cultural (women) versus technological (men) therapies and long (women) versus fast (men) treatment, and are linked to their different societal and familial roles. The role of women in following and maintaining socio-cultural norms leads them to focus on care that involves long discussions mixed with socio-cultural traits that help avoid economic and social sanctions, while the role of men as bread earners requires them to look for care that ensures a fast and complete recovery so as to avoid financial pressures.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study in an urban slum of Kolkata finds that both men and women use formal and informal care, but with gendered motives: women prioritize socio-cultural compatibility and avoiding social/economic sanctions, while men prioritize fast, complete recovery to maintain their breadwinner role. The authors argue these contrasting preferences are linked to different societal and familial roles rather than simple formal-versus-informal divides.
Key findings
- Among 66 participants (34 men, 32 women), formal care only was used by 12 men (35%) and 0 women; informal care only by 7 men (21%) and 15 women (47%); both formal and informal care by 0 men and 10 women (31%); no use by 15 men (44%) and 7 women (22%).
- Women’s preferences for informal healers were organized into six themes: cultural competency of care, easy communication, gender-induced affordability, avoidance of social stigma and labelling, living with the burden of cultural expectations, and geographical and cognitive distance of formal health care.
- Men’s preferences for formal care were organized into three themes: ease of access, quality of treatment, and expected outcome of therapies.
- The paper concludes that women often move back and forth between informal and formal care to balance economic and socio-cultural demands, while men are generally more static in choosing formal care because they need quick, complete recovery to avoid financial pressures.
Methods
- Exploratory qualitative study conducted in Sahid Smriti Colony, a peri-urban slum of Kolkata, India, during August–September 2012.
- Participants were recruited via referral/snowballing; final sample was 66 adults (34 men, 32 women) from Hindu, Muslim, and Christian groups, aged over 16, Bengali-speaking, resident at least five years, and able to recall treatment experiences.
- Data came from individual face-to-face in-depth interviews using a semi-structured guide; interviews lasted about 45–60 minutes, were audio recorded, transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed thematically with separate coding for male and female participants.
Limitations
- The paper states that the female researcher may have favored openness among female respondents but may have introduced bias in gathering male perspectives.
- The paper states that findings cannot be generalized to other contexts, and even generalization to other slums should be cautious because each slum has a unique religious, ethnic, linguistic, socio-cultural, and socio-economic composition.
- The paper states that its focus on gendered health experiences means other traits influencing health care-seeking and interacting with gender may not have been addressed; the text also notes that the sample could not be selected on an equal basis because of absenteeism or unwillingness to participate or refer others.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
50 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 6 No full text of the sources · 5 Not checked yet · 5 No basis given · 3 Partly supported · 2 Sources not found · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A few quantitative studies report gender differences in health-seeking behaviour in Indian urban slums [26, 28].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Literature review
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Willis JR, Kumar V, Mohanty S, Singh P, Singh V, Baqui AH, Awasthi S, Singh JV, Santosham M, Gary L, Darmstadt L. Gender differences in perception and treatment-seeking for illness of newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:62–71. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i1.3318 . PMCID: 2761808 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a quantitative study of gender differences in neonatal care-seeking, and the Abstract reports differences in care patterns. But the Methods identify the study site as rural Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh—not an Indian urban slum. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not matchedcites [28] Sundar R, Sharma A. Morbidity and utilisation of healthcare services: a survey of urban poor in Delhi and Chennai. Econ Polit Wkly. 2002;37:4729–40.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our study reveals that women benefit more from social support, as acknowledged in other studies [50–52].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] House JS, Kahn RL. Measures and concepts of social support. In: Cohen S, Leonard Syme S, editors. Social Support and Health. New York: Academic Press; 1985. p. 83–108.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Rogers RG. The effects of family composition, health, and social support linkages on mortality. J Health Soc Behav. 1996;37:326–38. PMID:8997888 source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Srivastava R. The healthcare professional’s guide to clinical cultural competence. Toronto: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fear of being labelled seems to play a major role in determining the choice of therapies, even if it means compromising on the quality of care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to protect their own pride and good name in the society, therefore, many women deliberately downplay the importance of formal heath care, saying that its professionals violate honour codes relating to sanctity.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women find informal healers more responsive to their health needs than formal care providers”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-availability of proper health care infrastructures also reduces women’s interest in formal treatment.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women usually avoid approaching formal practitioners because of the absence of smooth and clear interactions caused by the professional and unfriendly behaviour of doctors.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the female participants refer to marital insecurity, financial hardship and exclusion from social festivals, family and the community as (potential) consequences of seeking professional health care without any justifiable causes. Scared as they are of social sanctions, women initially seek informal types of care that are more socio-culturally acceptable in case of any illness.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the present analysis shows that both men and women make simultaneous use of formal and informal care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides travel costs, the availability of services at any time of the day also influences men’s preference towards unlicensed drug dealers.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“after the eighth interview (of each man and each woman in the three religious groups) no new shared themes were generated from the interviews. Therefore, it was deemed that the data collection had reached a saturation point”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Participant recruitment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Sandelowski M. In: Given LM, editor. Theoretical saturation. In the SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods, vol. 2. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2008. p. 875–6. source
- Could not verifycites [38] Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, Baker S, Waterfield J, Bartlam B, Burroughs H, Jinks C. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity. 2017;51:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1113 . sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Research design and Discussion passages describe simulations of AR(1) estimators, not qualitative interviews. Searches for the eighth interview, religious groups, shared themes, and data saturation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“due to traditional gender preferences, cheaper public care providers are sought by households for girls, while for boys private qualified providers are consulted, more money is spent and greater distances are travelled, if necessary [25–27].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Ganatra B, Hirve S. Male bias in healthcare utilization for under-fives in a rural community in western India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1994;72:101–4. PMCID: 2486511
- Partly supportedcites [26] Willis JR, Kumar V, Mohanty S, Singh P, Singh V, Baqui AH, Awasthi S, Singh JV, Santosham M, Gary L, Darmstadt L. Gender differences in perception and treatment-seeking for illness of newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:62–71. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i1.3318 . PMCID: 2761808 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Pandey A, Sengupta PG, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, Manna B, Ghosh S, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK. Gender differences in health treatment-seeking during common illnesses in a rural community of West Bengal, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20:306–11. PMID:12659410
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the way in which gender and health-seeking are inter-linked is unique for each setting [9], including slum areas [10].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Whitzman C. At the intersection of invisibilities: Canadian women, homelessness and health outside the ‘big city’. Gender, Place and Culture. 2006;13:383–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690600808502 . source
- Partly supportedcites [10] Shaikh BT, Hatcher J. Health seeking behaviour and health service utilization in Pakistan: challenging the policy makers. Journal of public health. 2005;27:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 . PMID:15590705 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Cultural and socio-demographic factors and Women's autonomy sections describe how gender roles and local cultural practices affect health seeking in Pakistan. They support a link between gender and health seeking, but do not establish that the link is unique in each setting. The slum-area clause is attached to a different citation [10], so it is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.81)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many men perceive illness as something that lasts and has its impact on the body for a longer period, that it cannot be managed single-handily and essentially requires professional attention.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They comment on the uncaring diagnosis process of the formal care system, that informal healers are much more sensitive while diagnosing the nature of the illness, thus handling women clients with care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to men, women nag too much about illnesses, so they are given all sorts of light diseases (i.e. mundane and infectious ailments) as hard diseases cannot be handled by them.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women find it easier to access informal practitioners as alternatives who generally do not demand money for their services and are willing to accept payment in kind.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost every male respondent normally tended to underuse health care services or believed in delayed help-seeking.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family members are not always available to accompany them to hospitals, so they find it difficult to continue their treatment.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hospitals in the study area are situated at a fair distance and women are not allowed to frequently commute alone without company.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men believe that they differ from women both in terms of biological and environmental features, so for themselves, they find formal care more suitable than informal health care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general perception of men is that professionals do not conduct their treatment on the basis of a superficial analysis (as informal healers do), rather based on a variety of technologies.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although women do not deny their illnesses and look for treatment, they do seek therapies that are generally of inferior quality (less effective and slow or with a slight improvement) but that primarily help them escape social stigma and illness-related consequences.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“men’s decisions are often not in line with women’s preferences.”
- Also stated in: § Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services · plain
“An important obstacle they mentioned is that husbands often suspect that they (women) fake illness. Furthermore, many women remarked that men often do not consider women’s health problems as serious.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of our female participants did not earn their own incomes and as such, lacked the financial autonomy and decision-making power when it comes to seeking formal care. Men are the main providers of money for women and, therefore, make all the health care-related decisions for them.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides healers, informal practitioners are generally good counsellors. Being usually old and wise, they help women escape pressures caused by family or marital disputes.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has several advantages: healers are found within reach; no travel costs need to be borne; and healers can be accessed any time when convenient, which, in turn, minimises the chances of discontinuing the treatment.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women pointed to geographic inaccessibility as one of the factors giving rise to problems such as time constraints, increased travel costs and failure to attend follow-ups.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As most of the men in this study consider only one form of informal care (over-the-counter drugs) as being effective, they try to assess the quality of professionals as good or bad by comparing with other forms of informal care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women said that they had enough information about various informal healers, their kind of treatment charges and concessions. This is due to a wide networking system that informal healers have both at the individual and social levels, which clinical providers lack.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When informal care treatment fails, some women feel the urgency to approach formal care providers. However, they still look for options within the formal care domain that limit monetary loss. As a result, women are seen using homoeopathic care rather than allopathic medicine as an initial choice (even though it is not always effective), primarily because of cheap consultation fees and medical exp”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Familiar with this kind of social stigma, informal healers prefer to see only one client at a time. Different timings are allotted to each of the patients in order to protect their identity, thus helping the care seekers avoid becoming the victims of harassment within their community.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the male respondents also judge the value of care based on the activities constituting treatment. It is observed that the real worth is evaluated only in the case of chronic illnesses (and not for common health problems).”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the men prefer purchasing drugs from drug stores for general ailments, since drug stores are easily accessible within their neighbourhood. This avoids the need for travel, which they usually consider a waste of both time and money.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, many women respondents complained that doctors do not care to value the feelings of the patient and family, that there is no privacy during consultations and that doctors see too many patients at a time, thus increasing their chances of meeting a known face and the subsequent risk of secrets getting revealed.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the women expressed that they do not make use of concessions regarding health expenses due to lack of knowledge and information about accredited health care beneficits. As a result, they end up spending huge amounts of money for tertiary care. As they pay out of pocket, they face a terrible financial crisis which they are then unable to recover from for several years.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Informal healers are generally competent in dealing with the financial and socio-cultural hassles (besides illnesses) that women experience when they seek treatment, thus securing their position both in the family and society.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women often find it difficult to adjust their household activities schedule to accommodate inconvenient appointments (mainly during the daytime) at hospitals and private clinics. As a consequence, they are forced to skip medical check-ups.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social-cultural norms also have a strong impact on women in terms of influencing their health beliefs and habits. This is quite evident in that women do not entirely stop consulting informal healers, even while they seek formal health care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of them responded that they do not seek help for general health problems, however; they look for help for specific and longstanding illnesses.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Formal | 12 (35) | 0 |”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Informal | 7 (21) | 15 (47) |”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women generally feel that during the patient-doctor interactions family members are more proficient in speaking on their behalf. This is because they think their preconceived notion about clinical care as strange therapy prevents them from discussing health problems freely.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Partial use of institutions (formal + informal) | 0 | 10 (31) |”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results
plainn = 32- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“women in developing countries utilise formal health care to a lesser extent than men [15] and instead are more inclined towards traditional healing options [16].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR. Gender and biomedical/traditional mental health utilization among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1999;23:219–43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005455809283 . source
- Not matchedcites [16] Vlassoff C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:47–61. PMCID: 3013263
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the recordings were listened to several times to ensure the accuracy of the transcription.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, professionals can show patients the specific affected area internally and its healing status post-treatment, which informal healers cannot. This assures men that they are undergoing correct treatment, thus in a way making professionals superior to informal healers.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“data saturation in a qualitative study typically occurs by the time 12 interviews have been analysed. Additional new patterns emerge rarely after that, as 12 individual interviews are enough to include 88–92% of information [36].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Participant recruitment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Bertaux D. [ed]. Bibliography and society: the life history approach in the social sciences. London: Sage; 1981.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods. 2006;18:59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903 . source
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, the key findings of this study show that they do so in different ways and have different motivations for their choices.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability of the final themes was confirmed by choosing examples from the transcript to verify whether they illustrated elements of the themes.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following a round of piloting with the Bengali interview guide, the questions were then back-translated into English to maintain consistency of meaning between the two versions.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Data collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Previous findings had highlighted that gender differences manifested in men being more inclined towards formal health care, whereas women were more inclined towards alternative health care [15, 22].”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR. Gender and biomedical/traditional mental health utilization among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1999;23:219–43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005455809283 . source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Vlassoff C. Gender inequalities in health in the third world: uncharted ground. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:1249–59. PMID:7801162 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“women’s inferior status in family and society restricts their access to health care, decision-making, education and economic resources.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Vlassoff C. Gender inequalities in health in the third world: uncharted ground. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:1249–59. PMID:7801162 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some men consider the medical knowledge of pharmacists as equivalent to that of clinical professionals. Hence, men feel convinced that they can access quality care from drug dealers as an alternative option.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ISEC’s Ethics Committee formally examined the study protocol and provided ethical approval.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the field data was collected by the main researcher, a woman, this favoured openness of female respondents, who are traditionally more reserved. However, it may have introduced a bias in gathering the male perspectives and therefore adds a limitation to the study.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Data collection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since different informal therapies (other than counter over-the-counter drugs) are considered time-consuming, with no indication with regard to the duration required for recovery, it appears natural that men seem less inclined towards such informal therapies, as observed by us during the study period.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These gender-induced contrasts relate to a preference for socio-cultural (women) versus technological (men) therapies and long (women) versus fast (men) treatment, and are linked to their different societal and familial roles.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Abstract > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Professional help was sought out to examine the translations of the original text. Some corrections were made and inconsistency was avoided.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of women in following and maintaining socio-cultural norms leads them to focus on care that involves long discussions mixed with socio-cultural traits that help avoid economic and social sanctions, while the role of men as bread earners requires them to look for care that ensures a fast and complete recovery so as to avoid financial pressures.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Abstract > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapies that cannot guarantee a quick recovery render men more vulnerable. This, in turn, puts them under stress, making it difficult to manage their financial position during sickness.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“oral consent to participate was obtained from all the participants, after the purpose of the study had been explained, and anonymity and confidentiality were assured.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in spite of being aware of the fact that formal care is effective, they undermine its value, thinking that at some point in time they will have to face mobility restrictions, resulting into abandoning the treatment before its conclusion.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Formal care is effective.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to formal care, informal therapies for chronic illnesses can lead to frequent relapses, making men unfit for work aside from further hampering their livelihood.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that both men and women utilise formal and informal care, but with different motives and expectations, leading to contrasting health-seeking outcomes.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Abstract > Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the gender socialisation process, which is in itself shaped by the socio-cultural ethos, also tends to impact health-related notions and habits, including decisions regarding when and where to seek help.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Harrison J, Chin J, Ficarrotto T. Warning: Masculinity may be dangerous to your health. In: Kimmel MS, Messner MA, editors. Men’s lives. New York: Macmillan Press; 1992. p. 271–85.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Direct physical contacts with unfamiliar men or known men outside relations are culturally proclaimed as a sexual association and women’s position in society is marked as impure and unholy.
“Direct physical contacts with these men are culturally proclaimed as a sexual association and women’s position in society is marked as impure and unholy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In India, a major share of expenditure on health care is being borne out-of-pocket by the poor.
“In India, a major share of expenditure on health care is being borne out-of-pocket by the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Men are the main source of income in the family.
“Men who are in work consider that time is best spent earning money and fulfilling families’ requirements, since they are the main source of income.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Formal care is effective.
“Thus, in spite of being aware of the fact that formal care is effective, they undermine its value, thinking that at some point in time they will have to face mobility restrictions, resulting into abandoning the treatment before its conclusion.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
“Instead, the present analysis shows that both men and women make simultaneous use of formal and informal care.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results
“| Partial use of institutions (formal + informal) | 0 | 10 (31) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Discussion
“Men’s choice for self-care is motivated only by cost-effectiveness.”
§ The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India > Results > Men’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services
“Besides travel costs, the availability of services at any time of the day also influences men’s preference towards unlicensed drug dealers.”
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414
How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x05279903 · Cited by 20,808
Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 · Cited by 12,033
Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers
Ruhl, K. (2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-1319 · Cited by 10,514
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
van der Sande, M. A. B., Walraven, G. E. L., Milligan, P. J., BANYA, W. A. S., CEESAY, S. M., Nyan, O. A., & McAdam, K. P. W. J. (2001) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · Cited by 7,097
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods
Given, L. (2008) · doi:10.4135/9781412963909 · Cited by 6,134
Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/004912418101000205 · Cited by 6,001
Kleinman, A. (1980) · doi:10.1525/9780520340848 · Cited by 4,945
Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health
Courtenay, W. H. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1 · Cited by 4,091
Ross, C. E., Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071725 · Cited by 3,927
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Martinez Jr R, Lee MT. On immigration and crime. Criminal justice. 2000;1:486–524.
- Harrison J, Chin J, Ficarrotto T. Warning: Masculinity may be dangerous to your health. In: Kimmel MS, Messner MA, editors. Men’s lives. New York: Macmillan Press; 1992. p. 271–85.
- Sundar R, Sharma A. Morbidity and utilisation of healthcare services: a survey of urban poor in Delhi and Chennai. Econ Polit Wkly. 2002;37:4729–40.
- Saville-Troike M. The ethnography of communication (2nd edition). New York: Blackwell; (1989).
- Gupta I, Mitra A. Rural migrants and labour segmentation: micro-level evidence from Delhi slums. Econ Polit Wkly. 2002;37:163–8.
- Jesani A, Barai T. Ethical guidelines for social science research in health. Mumbai: Cehat; 2000.
- Ghuman BS, Mehta A. Healthcare for the poor in India with special reference to Punjab state. Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG).; 2006. p. 623–724. Retrieved 2 Jan 2015 ( http://cedo.ina.pt/docbweb/multimedia/associa/interno/electron/e89.pdf#page=642
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: Framing the challenges to health
Heise, L., Greene, M. E., Opper, N., Stavropoulou, M., Harper, C., Nascimento, M., Zewdie, D., Darmstadt, G. L., Greene, M. E., Hawkes, S., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30652-x · Cited by 1,163
Masculinity and men’s health-seeking behaviour in Nigerian academia
Olanrewaju, F. O., Ajayi, L. A., Loromeke, E. R., Olanrewaju, A. O., Allo, T. A., & Nwannebuife, O. (2019) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1682111 · Cited by 65
Paul, R., Muhammad, T., Rashmi, R., Sharma, P., Srivastava, S., & Zanwar, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44762-8 · Cited by 45
Sex and Gender Differences in Liver Fibrosis: Pathomechanisms and Clinical Outcomes
Jamalinia, M., Lonardo, A., & Weiskirchen, R. (2024) · Fibrosis · doi:10.70322/fibrosis.2024.10006 · Cited by 44
Park, J., Kibe, P. M., Yeboah, G., Oyebode, O. O., Harris, B., Ajisola, M. M., Griffiths, F. E., Aujla, N., Gill, P. S., Lilford, R. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055415 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Das, M., Angeli, F., Krumeich, A. J. S. M., & van Schayck, O. C. P.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Das, Moumita
- Venue
- International Journal for Equity in Health
- Published
- 2018-02-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-24
- ISSN
- 1475-9276 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5813424
- OpenAlex
- W2804432985
- Semantic Scholar
- 97fbbbdcd58a690e7201cf141b7ec6110acdf921
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 7.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal for Equity in Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Institute for Social and Economic Change
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Reforms
- Keywords
- health-seeking behavior, gender differences, urban slums, traditional medicine, social stigma, gender roles, sociocultural norms, Kolkata
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Poverty Areas, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Social Control, Informal, Urban Population, Health Behavior, Young Adult, Social Stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-03, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-03 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
