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Cited by 45Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

Autism and chronic ill health: an observational study of symptoms and diagnoses of central sensitivity syndromes in autistic adults

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Grant, Sarah, Norton, Sam, Weiland, Ricarda F., Scheeren, Anke M., Begeer, Sander, Hoekstra, Rosa A.·2022·Molecular Autism
DOI 10.1186/s13229-022-00486-6PMC PMC8842858

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Abstract

Background: Autistic adults, particularly women, are more likely to experience chronic ill health than the general population. Central sensitivity syndromes (CSS) are a group of related conditions that are thought to include an underlying sensitisation of the central nervous system; heightened sensory sensitivity is a common feature. Anecdotal evidence suggests autistic adults may be more prone to developing a CSS. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of CSS diagnoses and symptoms in autistic adults, and to explore whether CSS symptoms were related to autistic traits, mental health, sensory sensitivity, or gender. Methods: The full sample of participants included 973 autistic adults (410 men, 563 women, mean age = 44.6) registered at the Netherlands Autism Register, who completed questionnaires assessing autistic traits, sensory sensitivity, CSS, physical and mental health symptoms. The reliability and validity of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) in an autistic sample was established using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Chi 2 analyses, independent t -tests, hierarchical regression and path analysis were used to analyse relationships between CSS symptoms, autistic traits, measures of mental health and wellbeing, sensory sensitivity, age and gender. Results: 21% of participants reported one or more CSS diagnosis, and 60% scored at or above the clinical cut-off for a CSS. Autistic women were more likely to report a CSS diagnosis and experienced more CSS symptoms than men. Sensory sensitivity, anxiety, age and gender were significant predictors of CSS symptoms, with sensory sensitivity and anxiety fully mediating the relationship between autistic traits and CSS symptoms. Limitations: Although this study included a large sample of autistic adults, we did not have a control group or a CSS only group. We also could not include a non-binary group due to lack of statistical power. Conclusions: CSS diagnoses and symptoms appear to be very common in the autistic population. Increased awareness of an association between autism and central sensitisation should inform clinicians and guide diagnostic practice, particularly for women where CSS are common and autism under recognised.

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Authors
Grant, S., Norton, S., Weiland, R. F., Scheeren, A. M., Begeer, S., & Hoekstra, R. A.
Affiliations
  • King's College London (GB)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author
Grant, Sarah
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Autism
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-02-14
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
7-7
ISSN
2040-2392 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13229-022-00486-6
PMC
PMC8842858
OpenAlex
W4225687293
Cited by
45
References
130
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2019: 1
FWCI
5.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Economic and Social Research Council (ST11325)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Aut.17.006)
  • ZonMw (636340005)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, central sensitivity syndromes, autistic adults, sensory sensitivity, autistic traits, anxiety, gender differences, autistic women, Central Sensitization Inventory, mental health, chronic pain
MeSH terms
Adult, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Syndrome, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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