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Cited by 47CAR-T cell therapy researchImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesCancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Hurdles to breakthrough in CAR T cell therapy of solid tumors

Open access
Marofi, Faroogh, Achmad, Harun, Bokov, Dmitry, Abdelbasset, Walid Kamal, Alsadoon, Zeid, Chupradit, Supat, Suksatan, Wanich, Shariatzadeh, Siavash +4 more·2022·Stem Cell Research & Therapy
DOI 10.1186/s13287-022-02819-xPMC PMC8974159
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Abstract

Autologous T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) have shown promising outcomes and emerged as a new curative option for hematological malignancy, especially malignant neoplasm of B cells. Notably, when T cells are transduced with CAR constructs, composed of the antigen recognition domain of monoclonal antibodies, they retain their cytotoxic properties in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner. Despite its beneficial effect, the current CAR T cell therapy approach faces myriad challenges in solid tumors, including immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor antigen heterogeneity, stromal impediment, and tumor accessibility, as well as tribulations such as on-target/off-tumor toxicity and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Herein, we highlight the complications that hamper the effectiveness of CAR T cells in solid tumors and the strategies that have been recommended to overcome these hurdles and improve infused T cell performance.

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Authors
Marofi, F., Achmad, H., Bokov, D., Abdelbasset, W. K., Alsadoon, Z., Chupradit, S., Suksatan, W., Shariatzadeh, S., Hasanpoor, Z., Yazdanifar, M., Shomali, N., & Khiavi, F. M.
Affiliations
  • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Hasanuddin University (ID)
  • Sechenov University (RU)
  • Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (SA)
  • Iraqi University (IQ)
  • Chiang Mai University (TH)
  • Chulabhorn Royal Academy (TH)
  • Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
  • Tarbiat Modares University (IR)
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Pasteur Institute of Iran (IR)
Corresponding author
Khiavi, Farhad Motavalli
ORCID
Venue
Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-04-01
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
140-140
ISSN
1757-6512 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13287-022-02819-x
PMC
PMC8974159
OpenAlex
W4220816662
Cited by
47
References
196
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 4
FWCI
4.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Status
Retracted
Update notices
retraction (2026-06-10)
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Stem Cell Research & Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Keywords
CAR T-cell therapy, solid tumors, chimeric antigen receptor, tumor microenvironment, tumor antigen heterogeneity, on-target off-tumor toxicity, cytokine release syndrome, hematologic malignancies
MeSH terms
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen, Humans, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Tumor Microenvironment

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