The effect of virtual reality technology on preoperative anxiety in children: a Solomon four-group randomized clinical trial
Open accessAbstract
Preoperative anxiety correlates positively with the amount of postoperative pain, analgesic use, and length of hospital stay. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality technology on pre-operative anxiety in children. The study utilized Solomon four-group design intervention and a randomized clinical trial. A total of 40 candidates undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly divided into two groups. The pre-operative anxiety scale was assessed by a checklist containing a standardized Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale questionnaire. The interventional group had a 5-min exposure to the operating room using virtual reality technology, but the control group did not receive virtual reality exposure. The data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software. Non-parametric test for two independent groups showed no significant difference in baseline scores between interventional 1 and control 1 groups except for vocalization (p = 0.019), but there was a significant change in all subscales among intervention group 1 from baseline to post-test (p < 0.05) except for state of apparent arousal. The medical treatment using virtual reality technology, as well as distraction and drowning in the virtual reality, reduced pre-operative anxiety in children.
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In Dehghan et al. (2019), no significant change was found in the control group's preoperative anxiety score.
“while no significative change was found in the control group.”
From Virtual reality and psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disease: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Dehghan, Jalali & Bashiri (2019)
The Results (Table 4) show no significant pre-to-post change in the control group for activity, vocalization, or apparent arousal, but a significant change in emotional expressivity (p = 0.023). The accompanying Results prose conflicts with the table, describing significant changes in all control-group domains except emotional expressivity. Neither supports the unqualified claim that no significant change was found in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDehghan et al. (2019) showed children in the interventional group expressed lower anxiety compared with the control group.
“Children in interventional group expressed lower anxiety in comparison with control group”
From Virtual reality and psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disease: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Dehghan et al. (2019)
In children aged 6-12 booked for abdominal surgery, VRET produced a significant reduction in preoperative anxiety score.
“children in the interventional groups with pretest-posttests and control groups with posttest had a significant reduction in the preoperative anxiety score after therapeutic exposure using VRET”
From Virtual reality and psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disease: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Dehghan, Jalali & Bashiri (2019)
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Sorted by citations
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- Authors
- Dehghan, F., Jalali, R., & Bashiri, H.
- Affiliations
- Razi University (IR)
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Jalali, Rostam
- Venue
- Perioperative Medicine
- Published
- 2019-06-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-5
- ISSN
- 2047-0525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6549331
- OpenAlex
- W2948321383
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perioperative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (96056)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Keywords
- virtual reality, preoperative anxiety, pediatric patients, distraction therapy, abdominal surgery, operating room simulation, postoperative pain
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