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Cited by 45Effects of Environmental Stressors on LivestockInfrared Thermography in MedicineAnimal Behavior and Welfare Studies

Technological, environmental and biological factors: referent variance values for infrared imaging of the bovine

Open access
Montanholi, Yuri R., Lim, Melissa, Macdonald, Alaina, Smith, Brock A., Goldhawk, Christy, Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Karen, Miller, Stephen P.·2015·Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
DOI 10.1186/s40104-015-0027-yPMC PMC4515930
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Despite its variety of potential applications, the wide implementation of infrared technology in cattle production faces technical, environmental and biological challenges similar to other indicators of metabolic state. Nine trials, divided into three classes (technological, environmental and biological factors) were conducted to illustrate the influence of these factors on body surface temperature assessed through infrared imaging. RESULTS: Evaluation of technological factors indicated the following: measurements of body temperatures were strongly repeatable when taken within 10 s; appropriateness of differing infrared camera technologies was influenced by distance to the target; and results were consistent when analysis of thermographs was compared between judges. Evaluation of environmental factors illustrated that wind and debris caused decreases in body surface temperatures without affecting metabolic rate; additionally, body surface temperature increased due to sunlight but returned to baseline values within minutes of shade exposure. Examination/investigation/exploration of animal factors demonstrated that exercise caused an increase in body surface temperature and metabolic rate. Administration of sedative and anti-sedative caused changes on body surface temperature and metabolic rate, and during late pregnancy a foetal thermal imprint was visible through abdominal infrared imaging. CONCLUSION: The above factors should be considered in order to standardize operational procedures for taking thermographs, thereby optimizing the use of such technology in cattle operations.

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  • The bolus technique has been praised for high reliability and consistency across different operators, although its accuracy may be influenced by variables like distance and weather conditions, highlighting the need for method standardization.

    “This technique has been praised for its high reliability and consistency across different operators [22], although its accuracy may be influenced by variables like distance and weather conditions [73], highlighting the need for method standardization [73].”

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Authors
Montanholi, Y. R., Lim, M., Macdonald, A., Smith, B. A., Goldhawk, C., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K., & Miller, S. P.
Affiliations
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
  • Monsanto (Canada) (CA)
  • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
  • AgResearch (NZ)
Corresponding author
Montanholi, Yuri R.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-06-12
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
27-27
ISSN
  • 1674-9782 (ISSN-L)
  • 2049-1891
DOI
10.1186/s40104-015-0027-y
PMC
PMC4515930
OpenAlex
W1653305903
Cited by
45
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI
1.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Beef Cattle Research Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Infrared Thermography in Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Keywords
infrared thermography, body surface temperature, bovine cattle, cattle farming, repeatability, physical activity, sedation, late pregnancy, metabolic rate

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