Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 502

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review

Open access
Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Ghosh, D., Nandi, S. K.·2022·Laboratory Animal Research
DOI 10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1

Cites

197 of 197 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 197 references

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. Oparin AI. The origin of life on the earth. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press Inc.; 1957. p. XViii+495.
  2. Pehlivanovic B, Dina F, Emina A, Ziga Smajic N, Fahir B. Animal models in modern biomedical research. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2019;6(7):35–8.
  3. Gad SC. Animal models in toxicology. In: Wexler P, editor. Encyclopedia of toxicology. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis; 2005. p. 138–40. · doi:10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00074-0
  4. Simmons D. The use of animal models in studying genetic disease: transgenesis and induced mutation. Nat Educ. 2008;1(1):70.
  5. Simon F, Oberhuber A, Schelzig H. Advantages and disadvantages of different animal models for studying ischemia/reperfusion injury of the spinal cord. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(6):744. · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.03.041
  6. Olsen AS, Sarras MP, Intine RV. Limb regeneration is impaired in an adult zebrafish model of diabetes mellitus. Wound Repair Regen. 2010;18(5):532–42. · doi:10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00613.x
  7. Cook J, Fox D, Malaviya P, Tomlinson J, Farr J, Kuroki K, et al. Evaluation of small intestinal submucosa grafts for meniscal regeneration in a clinically relevant posterior meniscectomy model in dogs. J Knee Surg. 2006;19(3):159–67. · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248100
  8. Fitzpatrick N, Smith TJ, Pendegrass CJ, Yeadon R, Ring M, Goodship AE, et al. Intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prosthesis (ITAP) for limb salvage in 4 Dogs. Vet Surg. 2011;40(8):909–25. · doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00891.x
  9. Raske M, McClaran JK, Mariano A. Short-term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(4):247–52. · doi:10.1111/jsap.12330
  10. Fortier LA, Smith RKW. Regenerative Medicine for tendinous and ligamentous injuries of sport horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2008;24(1):191–201. · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.002
  11. Greek R, Hansen L. The strengths and limits of animal models as illustrated by the discovery and development of antibacterials. Biol Syst Open Access. 2013;2(2):109.
  12. VandeWoude S, Rollin BE. Practical considerations in regenerative medicine research: IACUCs, ethics, and the use of animals in stem cell studies. ILAR J. 2010;51(1):82–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.51.1.82. · doi:10.1093/ilar.51.1.82
  13. Antony JJ, Sithika MAA, Joseph TA, Suriyakalaa U, Sankarganesh A, Siva D, et al. In vivo antitumor activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa as a nanofactory in DAL induced mice model. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;108:185–90. · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.041
  14. Shurey S, Akelina Y, Legagneux J, Malzone G, Jiga L, Ghanem AM. The rat model in microsurgery education: classical exercises and new horizons. Arch Plast Surg. 2014;41(3):201–8. · doi:10.5999/aps.2014.41.3.201
  15. deOgburn R, Leite JO, Ratliff J, Volek JS, McGrane MM, Fernandez ML. Effects of increased dietary cholesterol with carbohydrate restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism in guinea pigs. Comp Med. 2012;62(2):109–15.
  16. Grover A, Troudt J, Arnett K, Izzo L, Lucas M, Strain K, et al. Assessment of vaccine testing at three laboratories using the guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2012;92(1):105–11. · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2011.09.003
  17. Kondo M, Tsuji M, Hara K, Arimura K, Yagi O, Tagaya E, et al. Chloride ion transport and overexpression of TMEM16A in a guinea-pig asthma model. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(6):795–804. · doi:10.1111/cea.12887
  18. Larrouy-Maumus G, Layre E, Clark S, Prandi J, Rayner E, Lepore M, et al. Protective efficacy of a lipid antigen vaccine in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Vaccine. 2017;35(10):1395–402. · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.079
  19. Maghdessian R, Côté F, Rouleau T, Ouadda ABD, Levy É, Lavoie J-C. Ascorbylperoxide contaminating parenteral nutrition perturbs the lipid metabolism in newborn guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;334(1):278–84. · doi:10.1124/jpet.110.166223
  20. Yang R, Guo P, Song X, Liu F, Gao N. Hyperlipidemic guinea pig model: mechanisms of triglyceride metabolism disorder and comparison to rat. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(7):1046–51. · doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1046
  21. Camarozano AC, de Garcia ACFZ, Bottino DA, Bouskela E. Effects of microbubbles and ultrasound on the microcirculation: observation on the hamster cheek pouch. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1323–30. · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.09.006
  22. Chanut FJA, Williams AM. The syrian golden hamster estrous cycle: unique characteristics, visual guide to staging, and comparison with the rat. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44(1):43–50. · doi:10.1177/0192623315607668
  23. Cruz ISS, Garabalino MA, Trivillin VA, Itoiz ME, Pozzi ECC, Thorp S, et al. Optimization of the classical oral cancerization protocol in hamster to study oral cancer therapy. Oral Dis. 2020;26(6):1175–84. · doi:10.1111/odi.13358
  24. Evangelista KV, Lourdault K, Matsunaga J, Haake DA. Immunoprotective properties of recombinant LigA and LigB in a hamster model of acute leptospirosis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(7): e0180004. · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180004
  25. Tsai AG, Intaglietta M, Sakai H, Delpy E, Rochelle CDL, Rousselot M, Zal F. Microcirculation and NO-CO Studies of a natural extracellular hemoglobin developed for an oxygen therapeutic carrier. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2012;9(3):166–72. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016312802650814. · doi:10.2174/157016312802650814
  26. Julander JG, Trent DW, Monath TP. Immune correlates of protection against yellow fever determined by passive immunization and challenge in the hamster model. Vaccine. 2011;29(35):6008–16. · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.034
  27. Krötz F, Hellwig N, Bürkle MA, Lehrer S, Riexinger T, Mannell H, et al. A sulfaphenazole-sensitive EDHF opposes platelet–endothelium interactions in vitro and in the hamster microcirculation in vivo. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;85(3):542–50. · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp301
  28. Zhang W, Xie X, Wang J, Song N, Lv T, Wu D, et al. Increased inflammation with crude E. coli LPS protects against acute leptospirosis in hamsters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):140–7. · doi:10.1080/22221751.2019.1710435
  29. Bajpayee AG, Scheu M, Grodzinsky AJ, Porter RM. A rabbit model demonstrates the influence of cartilage thickness on intra-articular drug delivery and retention within cartilage. J Orthop Res. 2015;33(5):660–7. · doi:10.1002/jor.22841
  30. Dos Santos RA, Südy R, Peták F, Habre W. Physiologically variable ventilation in a rabbit model of asthma exacerbation. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(6):1107–16. · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.059
  31. Kamaruzaman NA, Sulaiman SA, Kaur G, Yahaya B. Inhalation of honey reduces airway inflammation and histopathological changes in a rabbit model of ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):176. · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-176
  32. Laverty S, Girard CA, Williams JM, Hunziker EB, Pritzker KPH. The OARSI histopathology initiative – recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the rabbit. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:S53-65. · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.029
  33. Ludwig JM, Xing M, Gai Y, Sun L, Zeng D, Kim HS. Targeted yttrium 89-doxorubicin drug-eluting bead—a safety and feasibility pilot study in a rabbit liver cancer model. Mol Pharm. 2017;14(8):2824–30. · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00336
  34. Schoenberg ED, Blake DA, Swann FB, Parlin AW, Zurakowski D, Margo CE, et al. Effect of two novel sustained-release drug delivery systems on bleb fibrosis: an in vivo glaucoma drainage device study in a rabbit model. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2015;4(3):4. · doi:10.1167/tvst.4.3.4
  35. Colbath AC, Frisbie DD, Dow SW, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Equine models for the investigation of mesenchymal stem cell therapies in orthopaedic disease. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2017;25(1):41–9. · doi:10.1053/j.otsm.2016.12.007
  36. Gastal EL, de Gastal MO, Wischral Á, Davis J. The equine model to study the influence of obesity and insulin resistance in human ovarian function. Acta Sci Vet. 2011;39(Suppl 1):s57-70.
  37. Kajabi AW, Casula V, Sarin JK, Ketola JH, Nykänen O, Te Moller NCR, et al. Evaluation of articular cartilage with quantitative MRI in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2021;39(1):63–73. · doi:10.1002/jor.24780
  38. Brooks-Pollock E, Wood JLN. Eliminating bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers: insight from a dynamic model. Proc Biol Sci. 1808;2015(282):20150374.
  39. Villarreal-Ramos B, Berg S, Chamberlain L, McShane H, Hewinson RG, Clifford D, et al. Development of a BCG challenge model for the testing of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis in cattle. Vaccine. 2014;32(43):5645–9. · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.009
  40. Csepe TA, Kilic A. Advancements in mechanical circulatory support for patients in acute and chronic heart failure. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(10):4070–83. · doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.09.89
  41. Howarth WR, Brochard K, Campbell SE, Grogan BF. Effect of microfracture on meniscal tear healing in a goat (Capra hircus) model. Orthopedics. 2016;39(2):105–10. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20160119-04. · doi:10.3928/01477447-20160119-04
  42. Miyamoto T, Karimov JH, Xanthopoulos A, Starling RC, Fukamachi K. Large animal models to test mechanical circulatory support devices. Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 2017;24:47–53. · doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2018.06.003
  43. Hongli W, Fan Z, Feizhou Lv, Jianyuan J, Dayong L, Xinlei X. Osteoinductive activity of ErhBMP-2 after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion with a ß-TCP interbody cage in a goat model. Orthopedics. 2014;37(2):e123–31.
  44. Wang Z, Zhai C, Fei H, Hu J, Cui W, Wang Z, et al. Intraarticular injection autologous platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow concentrate in a goat osteoarthritis model. J Orthop Res. 2018;36(8):2140–6. · doi:10.1002/jor.23877
  45. Faburay B, Gaudreault NN, Liu Q, Davis AS, Shivanna V, Sunwoo SY, et al. Development of a sheep challenge model for Rift Valley fever. Virology. 2016;489:128–40. · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.003
  46. Hosper NA, Eggink AJ, Roelofs LAJ, Wijnen RMH, van Luyn MJA, Bank RA, et al. Intra-uterine tissue engineering of full-thickness skin defects in a fetal sheep model. Biomaterials. 2010;31(14):3910–9. · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.129
  47. Van der Velden J, Harkness LM, Barker DM, Barcham GJ, Ugalde CL, Koumoundouros E, et al. The effects of tumstatin on vascularity, airway inflammation and lung function in an experimental sheep Model of chronic asthma. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):26309. · doi:10.1038/srep26309
  48. Asquith CRM, Sil BC, Laitinen T, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Poso A, et al. Novel epidithiodiketopiperazines as anti-viral zinc ejectors of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) nucleocapsid protein as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem. 2019;27(18):4174–84. · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.047
  49. Yamamoto JK, Sanou MP, Abbott JR, Coleman JK. Feline immunodeficiency virus model for designing HIV/AIDS vaccines. Curr HIV Res. 2010;8(1):14–25. · doi:10.2174/157016210790416361
  50. Badyal DK, Desai C. Animal use in pharmacology education and research: the changing scenario. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46(3):257–65. · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.132153
  51. Khan PK, Mahato A, Kundu B, Nandi SK, Mukherjee P, Datta S, et al. Influence of single and binary doping of strontium and lithium on in vivo biological properties of bioactive glass scaffolds. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):32964. · doi:10.1038/srep32964
  52. Ewing KK. Anesthesia techniques in sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1990;6(3):759–78. · doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30845-8
  53. Nandi SK, Kundu B, Ghosh SK, De DK, Basu D. Efficacy of nano-hydroxyapatite prepared by an aqueous solution combustion technique in healing bone defects of goat. J Vet Sci. 2008;9(2):183–91. · doi:10.4142/jvs.2008.9.2.183
  54. Kundu B, Nandi SK, Roy S, Dandapat N, Soundrapandian C, Datta S, et al. Systematic approach to treat chronic osteomyelitis through ceftriaxone–sulbactam impregnated porous β-tri calcium phosphate localized delivery system. Ceram Int. 2012;38(2):1533–48. · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.09.038
  55. Nandi SK, Kundu B, Mukherjee P, Mandal TK, Datta S, De DK, et al. In vitro and in vivo release of cefuroxime axetil from bioactive glass as an implantable delivery system in experimental osteomyelitis. Ceram Int. 2009;35(8):3207–16. · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.05.005
  56. Nandi SK, Kundu B, Ghosh SK, Mandal TK, Datta S, De DK, et al. Cefuroxime-impregnated calcium phosphates as an implantable delivery system in experimental osteomyelitis. Ceram Int. 2009;35(4):1367–76. · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.07.022
  57. Patel M, Rojavin Y, Jamali AA, Wasielewski SJ, Salgado CJ. Animal models for the study of osteomyelitis. Semin Plast Surg. 2009;23(2):148–54. · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1214167
  58. Schulz S, Steinhart H, Mutters R. Chronic osteomyelitis in a new rabbit model. J Invest Surg. 2001;14(2):121–31. · doi:10.1080/08941930152024246
  59. Baofeng L, Zhi Y, Bei C, Guolin M, Qingshui Y, Jian L. Characterization of a rabbit osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy and glucocorticoid. Acta Orthop. 2010;81(3):396–401. · doi:10.3109/17453674.2010.483986
  60. Oue H, Doi K, Oki Y, Makihara Y, Kubo T, Perrotti V, et al. Influence of implant surface topography on primary stability in a standardized osteoporosis rabbit model study. J Funct Biomater. 2015;6(1):143–52. · doi:10.3390/jfb6010143
  61. Wanderman NR, Mallet C, Giambini H, Bao N, Zhao C, An K-N, et al. An ovariectomy-induced rabbit osteoporotic model: a new perspective. Asian Spine J. 2018;12(1):12–7. · doi:10.4184/asj.2018.12.1.12
  62. Zarrinkalam MR, Beard H, Schultz CG, Moore RJ. Validation of the sheep as a large animal model for the study of vertebral osteoporosis. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(2):244–53. · doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0813-8
  63. Barret JP, Herndon DN. Modulation of inflammatory and catabolic responses in severely burned children by early burn wound excision in the first 24 hours. Arch Surg. 2003;138(2):127–32. · doi:10.1001/archsurg.138.2.127
  64. Ramos-e-Silva M, de Castro MCR. New dressings, including tissue-engineered living skin. Clin Dermatol. 2002;20(6):715–23. · doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(02)00298-5
  65. Khorshid F, Ali Abdulhadi S, Alsufyani T, Albar H. Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Shara) promotes wound healing: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Bot. 2010;6(2):69–80. · doi:10.3923/ijb.2010.69.80
  66. Campelo APBS, Campelo MWS, de Britto GAC, Ayala AP, Guimarães SB, de Vasconcelos PRL. An optimized animal model for partial and total skin thickness burns studies. Acta Cirúrgica Bras. 2011;26:38–42. · doi:10.1590/s0102-86502011000700008
  67. dos Tavares Pereira DS, Lima-Ribeiro MHM, de Pontes-Filho NT, dos Carneiro-Leão AMA, dos Correia MTS. Development of animal model for studying deep second-degree thermal burns. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:e460841. · doi:10.1155/2012/460841
  68. Friedrich EE, Niknam-Bienia S, Xie P, Jia S-X, Hong SJ, Mustoe TA, et al. Thermal injury model in the rabbit ear with quantifiable burn progression and hypertrophic scar. Wound Repair Regen. 2017;25(2):327–37. · doi:10.1111/wrr.12518
  69. Hurtig MB, Buschmann MD, Fortier LA, Hoemann CD, Hunziker EB, Jurvelin JS, et al. Preclinical studies for cartilage repair: recommendations from the international cartilage repair society. Cartilage. 2011;2(2):137–52. · doi:10.1177/1947603511401905
  70. McGowan KB, Stiegman G. Regulatory challenges for cartilage repair technologies. Cartilage. 2013;4(1):4–11. · doi:10.1177/1947603512460756
  71. Moyer HR, Wang Y, Farooque T, Wick T, Singh KA, Xie L, et al. A new animal model for assessing cartilage repair and regeneration at a nonarticular site. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(7):2321–30. · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0245
  72. Orth P, Zurakowski D, Wincheringer D, Madry H. Reliability, reproducibility, and validation of five major histological scoring systems for experimental articular cartilage repair in the rabbit model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012;18(5):329–39. · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0462
  73. Marmotti A, Bruzzone M, Bonasia DE, Castoldi F, Degerfeld MMV, Bignardi C, et al. Autologous cartilage fragments in a composite scaffold for one stage osteochondral repair in a goat model. Eur Cell Mater. 2013;26:15–32. · doi:10.22203/ecm.v026a02
  74. LaPrade RF, Kimber KA, Wentorf FA, Olson EJ. Anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(2):141–8. · doi:10.1002/jor.20032
  75. Cook JL, Hung CT, Kuroki K, Stoker AM, Cook CR, Pfeiffer FM, et al. Animal models of cartilage repair. Bone Jt Res. 2014;3(4):89–94. · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.34.2000238
  76. Sasaki A, Mizuno M, Mochizuki M, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs. World J Stem Cells. 2019;11(5):254–69. · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v11.i5.254
  77. Ye L, Wu X, Mu Q, Chen B, Duan Y, Geng X, et al. Heparin-conjugated pcl scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning and loaded with fibroblast growth factor 2. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2011;22(1–3):389–406. · doi:10.1163/092050610x487710
  78. Wang S, Mo XM, Jiang BJ, Gao CJ, Wang HS, Zhuang YG, et al. Fabrication of small-diameter vascular scaffolds by heparin-bonded P(LLA-CL) composite nanofibers to improve graft patency. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:2131–9. · doi:10.2147/ijn.s44956
  79. Zhang Y, Drapeau S, An HS, Markova D, Lenart BA, Anderson DG. Histological features of the degenerating intervertebral disc in a goat disc-injury model. Spine. 2011;36(19):1519–27. · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181f60b39
  80. Patel SA, Kepler CK, Schaer TP, Anderson DG. Large animal models of disc degeneration. In: Shapiro IM, Risbud MV, editors. The Intervertebral Disc: molecular and structural studies of the disc in health and disease. Vienna: Springer; 2014. p. 291–303. · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1535-0_18
  81. Kroeber MW, Unglaub F, Wang H, Schmid C, Thomsen M, Nerlich A, et al. New in vivo animal model to create intervertebral disc degeneration and to investigate the effects of therapeutic strategies to stimulate disc regeneration. Spine. 2002;27(23):2684–90. · doi:10.1097/00007632-200212010-00007
  82. Kong MH, Do DH, Miyazaki M, Wei F, Yoon S-H, Wang JC. Rabbit Model for in vivo Study of intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2008;44(5):327–33. · doi:10.3340/jkns.2008.44.5.327
  83. Lipson SJ, Muir H. Proteoglycans in experimental intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. 1981;6(3):194–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198105000-00002. · doi:10.1097/00007632-198105000-00002

Cited by

See all 502

Metadata

Authors
Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Ghosh, D., & Nandi, S. K.
Venue
Laboratory Animal Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-07-01
Volume
38
Issue
1
Pages
18-18
ISSN
  • 1738-6055 (ISSN-L)
  • 2233-7660
DOI
10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1
OpenAlex
W4283765785
Cited by
502
References
197
FWCI
87.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
diamond
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1
The paper
Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Ghosh, D., & Nandi, S. K. (2022). Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Laboratory Animal Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.