The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Simulated patients and objective structured clinical examinations: review of their use in medical education
Open accessAbstract
Simulated or standardised patients have been used in medical education and other medical settings for some 30 years (Box 1). Their use encompasses undergraduate and postgraduate learning, the monitoring of doctors' performance and standardisation of clinical examinations. Simulation has been used for instruction in industry and the military for much longer (Jason et al, 1971) but the first known effective use of simulated patients was by Barrows & Abrahamson (1964), who used them to appraise students' performance in clinical neurology examinations.
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Citations
Cites
Assessment of clinical competence using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)
HARDEN, R. M., & GLEESON, F. A. (1979) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1979.tb00918.x · Cited by 1,509
THE PROGRAMMED PATIENT: A TECHNIQUE FOR APPRAISING STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY.
Barrows, H. S., & Abrahamson, S. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 360
A Randomized Trial of Continuing Medical Education
Sibley, J. C., Sackett, D. L., Neufeld, V. R., Gerrard, B. A., Rudnick, K. V., & Fraser, W. D. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198203043060904 · Cited by 342
Assessing Clinical Competence.
(1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-569_2 · Cited by 307
Use of Standardized Patients in Clinical Assessments: Recent Developments and Measurement Findings
Vu, N. V., & Barrows, H. S. (1994) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x023003023 · Cited by 186
Hodges, B. D., Turnbull, J., Cohen, R., Bienenstock, A., & Norman, G. R. (1996) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1996.tb00715.x · Cited by 168
A comparison of resident performance on real and simulated patients
Norman, G. R., Tugwell, P., & Feightner, J. (1982) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-198209000-00008 · Cited by 130
Validation of an objective structured clinical examination in psychiatry
Hodges, B. D., Regehr, G., Hanson, M. D., & McNaughton, N. (1998) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-199808000-00019 · Cited by 123
Simulated patients and the assessment of medical students' interpersonal skills
Sanson‐Fisher, R., & Poole, A. D. (1980) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1980.tb02269.x · Cited by 111
An Objective Evaluation of Clinical Competence
Hubbard, J. P., Levit, E. J., Schumacher, C. F., & Schnabel, T. G. (1965) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196506242722505 · Cited by 106
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Leichner, 1986, The clinical oral examination in psychiatry: the patient variable, Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Canada, 19, 283
Cited by
Khan, K. Z., Ramachandran, S., Gaunt, K., & Pushkar, P. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.818634 · Cited by 490
Virtual Standardized Patients for Mental Health Education
Reger, G. M., Norr, A. M., Gramlich, M. A., & Buchman, J. M. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01273-5 · Cited by 38
AI-simulated clinical consultations: Assessing the potential of ChatGPT to support medical training
Saggar, A., Dimitrova, V., Sarikaya, D., Hogg, D., & Darling, J. C. (2026) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2025-329846 · Cited by 4
“They are a reliable method for teaching these skills and evaluating the competencies of doctors, 1 through assessments such as the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wallace, J., Rao, R., & Haslam, R.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Rao, Ranga
- Venue
- Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 342-348
- ISSN
- 1355-5146 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1481
- OpenAlex
- W2127205218
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Keywords
- standardized patients, OSCE, medical education, clinical skills assessment, undergraduate medical education, graduate medical education
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Simulated patients and objective structured clinical examinations: review of their use in medical education. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1192/apt.8.5.342
- The paper
- Wallace, J., Rao, R., & Haslam, R. (2002). Simulated patients and objective structured clinical examinations: review of their use in medical education. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.5.342
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
