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Prospective controlled study of psychiatric out-patient non-attendance: Characteristics and outcome
Open accessAbstract
Background: Psychiatric clinics have high non-attendance rates and failure to attend may be a sign of deteriorating mental health. Aims: To investigate why psychiatric out-patients fail to attend, and the outcome of attenders and non-attenders. Method: Prospective cohort study of randomly selected attenders and non-attenders at general adult psychiatric out-patient clinics. Subjects were interviewed at recruitment and severity of mental disorder and degree of social adjustment were measured. Six and 12 months later their engagement with the clinic and any psychiatric admissions were ascertained. Results: Of the 365 patients included in the study, 30 were untraceable and 224 consented to participate. Follow-up patients were more psychiatrically unwell than new patients. For follow-up patients, non-attenders had lower social functioning and more severe mental disorder than those who attended. At 12-month follow-up patients who missed their appointment were more likely to have been admitted than those who attended. Conclusions: Those who miss psychiatric follow-up out-patient appointments are more unwell and more poorly socially functioning than those who attend. They have a greater chance of drop-out from clinic contact and subsequent admission.
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“A prospective study of 365 patients observed that patients who miss psychiatric follow-up are more severely ill and poorly socially functioning than those who attend their appointments [23].”
From Determinants of dropout in a community-based mental health crisis centre (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Additionally, they may penalize patients most in need, such as the mentally ill, in whom non-attendance is associated with severity of illness (Killaspy et al., 2000).”
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Kasteenpohja, T., Marttunen, M., Aalto-Setälä, T., Perälä, J., Saarni, S. I., & Suvisaari, J. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0766-0 · Cited by 14
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“Similar inconsistencies have been reported in relation to previous psychiatric treatment (Berghofer et al., 2002; Killaspy et al., 2000) and childhood trauma (Mahon et al., 2001; Perry, Bond, & Roy, 2007).”
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“Studies demonstrated the national rate for nonattendance at psychiatric clinics is twice that of most other specialties in UK [28].”
BackgroundA review of people who did not attend an epilepsy clinic and their clinical outcomes
Minshall, I., & Neligan, A. (2017) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2017.06.008 · Cited by 12
“Research into reasons for outpatient clinic non-attendance, much of which has been carried in psychiatric services suggest a possible bi-modal relationship with non-attendance, whereby people with mild and more severe disease are less likely to engage and attend for follow up [7,10,14,15].”
BackgroundYip, T. C., Wong, G. L., Tse, Y., Yuen, B. W., Luk, H. W., Lam, M. H.-B., Li, M. K.-K., Loo, C. K., Tsang, O. T., Tsang, S. W., et al. (2020) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01277-0 · Cited by 12
Munasinghe, S. B., Page, A., Mannan, H. R., Ferdousi, S., & Peek, B. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039858 · Cited by 12
Sriramalu, S. B., Elangovan, A. R., Isaac, M., & Raman, K. J. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640211008462 · Cited by 13
“A prospective study by Killaspy et al. (2000) on 365 patients observed that patients who miss psychiatric followup are more severely ill and poor social functioning than those who attend their clinic regular.”
BackgroundWong, B. H.-C., Chu, P., Calaminus, P., Lavelle, C., Refaat, R., & Ougrin, D. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00052-9 · Cited by 11
“Patients who missed mental health appointments were found to be more unwell 6 , more likely to drop out of mental health service 7 , to have a higher likelihood of readmission to hospital 8 , and to exacerbate treatment waiting time for other patients 9 .”
BackgroundSchwalbe, C., & Gearing, R. (2012) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01133.x · Cited by 13
Psychoanalytic thinking in primary care: The Tavistock Psychotherapy Consultation model
Carrington, A., Rock, B., & Stern, J. M. (2012) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2012.678636 · Cited by 11
The transition between mental health services in Scotland
van der Kamp, J. (2018) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-05-2017-0020 · Cited by 11
A Bibliometric Analysis on No-Show Research: Status, Hotspots, Trends and Outlook
Wang, C., Wu, R., Deng, L., Chen, Y., Li, Y., & Wan, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12103997 · Cited by 12
Influence of a Nurse Practitioner on Non-Attendance Rate for Barium Enema
Scott, M., Allen, S., Bamford, A., Walshe, M., & Clark, C. L. I. (2002) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680209500906 · Cited by 11
Activity groups for people with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
Dean, M., Weston, A., Osborn, D., Willis, S., Patterson, S., Killaspy, H. T., Leurent, B., & Crawford, M. (2014) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2014.889285 · Cited by 10
“…group art therapy in the trial were also low (Crawford et al., 2012) suggesting that patient motivation and organizational skills which are known to be poor in people with schizophrenia (Johnstone et al., 2009; Killaspy et al., 2000) may have partially led to the low level of attendance at groups.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlæhr, E. E., Kristensen, T., Væggemose, U., & Søgaard, R. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1420-3 · Cited by 10
“[3, 4], an effect that is unevenly distributed across disease and socioeconomic groups [5, 6].”
BackgroundAttendance at remote versus in-person outpatient appointments in an NHS Trust
Kerr, G. K., Greenfield, G., Hayhoe, B. W. J., Gaughran, F., Halvorsrud, K., da Costa, M. P., Rehill, N., Raine, R., Majeed, A., Costelloe, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x231216501 · Cited by 10
Treatment no‐show in forensic outpatients with ADHD
Woicik, K., van der Lem, R., Sijtsema, J. J., & Bogaerts, S. (2016) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.1989 · Cited by 10
Smithnaraseth, A., Seeherunwong, A., Panitrat, R., & Tipayamongkholgul, M. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03001-4 · Cited by 10
Kravariti, E., Reeve-Mates, C., Pires, R. D. G., Tsakanikos, E., Hayes, D., Renshaw, S., McAllister, S., Bhavsar, V., Patterson, P., Daley, E., et al. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2017.7 · Cited by 10
Honkonen, T., Karlsson, H., Koivisto, A., Stengård, E., & Salokangas, R. K. R. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01137.x · Cited by 10
“Socially isolated schizophrenic patients with a severe current disorder are at particular risk of outpatient nonattendance and subsequent admission [33].”
BackgroundPrise en charge de la crise suicidaire
Ionita, A., Florea, R., & Courtet, P. (2009) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(09)74523-3 · Cited by 9
Appointment Reminders to Decrease 30-Day Readmission Rates to Inpatient Psychiatric Hospitals
Habit, N. F., Johnson, E., & Edlund, B. J. (2018) · Professional Case Management · doi:10.1097/ncm.0000000000000248 · Cited by 9
Fornaro, M., Novello, S., Fusco, A., Anastasia, A., Prisco, M. D., Mondin, A. M., Mosca, P., Iasevoli, F., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.025 · Cited by 10
Elugbadebo, O. O., Ojagbemi, A., Adefolarin, A. O., & Gureje, O. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00768-4 · Cited by 9
Long, J., Sakauye, K., Chisty, K., & Upton, J. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015625094 · Cited by 9
Ramifications of personality disorder in clinical practice
Tyrer, P. J., Duggan, C. F., & Coid, J. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.44.s1 · Cited by 9
Ribeiro, M. S., Alves, M. J. M., Silva, P. M., & Vieira, E. M. D. M. (2009) · Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul · doi:10.1590/s0101-81082009000100009 · Cited by 8
What is interfering with attendance in adult psychiatric out patients clinics?
Al-Namlah, R. A. (2006) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1445 · Cited by 8
Why do psychiatrists have difficulty disengaging with the out-patient clinic?
Killaspy, H. T. (2007) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.003590 · Cited by 8
“Clerical error accounts for a lower proportion of missed appointments in psychiatric clinics (5–12%: Sparr et al, 1993; Killaspy et al, 2000) than in other medical specialties (28–33%: Verbov, 1992; Potamitis et al, 1994) but this is a potentially preventable cause of non-attendance.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationReducing non-attendance rates in community psychiatry: a case for sustainable development?
Maughan, D. L., & Pearce, M. J. (2015) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/s2056474000000258 · Cited by 8
“First, patients who do not attend are more unwell and more functionally impaired than those who do attend (Killaspy et al, 2000).”
BackgroundPredicting first attendance at psychiatry appointments in patients with dissociative seizures
Stone, J., Callaghan, H., Robinson, E. J., Carson, A., Reuber, M., Chalder, T., Perdue, I., & Goldstein, L. H. (2019) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2019.11.014 · Cited by 8
Munasinghe, S. B., Page, A., Mannan, H. R., Ferdousi, S., & Peek, B. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420963738 · Cited by 7
“Second, this study did not include measures of distress and functional assessment which has shown to be associated with service engagement in previous other studies (Hom and Joiner, 2017; Killaspy et al., 2000), since these measures were unavailable for most the referrals.”
ResultGuerrero, M. A., & Gorgemans, S. (2009) · XVI Encuentro de Economía Pública: 5 y 6 de febrero de 2009 : Palacio de Congresos de Granada, 2009, ISBN 978-84-691-8950-4 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Killaspy, H., Banerjee, S., King, M., & Lloyd, M.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Banerjee, Sube
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-165
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2150513447
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 9.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- missed appointments, social functioning, psychiatric hospital admissions, follow-up outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatient Clinics, Hospital, Patient Admission, Patient Dropouts, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Refusal, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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