The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression Comorbid with Anxiety: Results from the WHO Study on Psychological Disorders in Primary Health Care
Abstract
The World Health Organization collaborative study on “Psychological Problems in General Health Care” investigated the form, frequency, course and outcome of common psychological problems in primary care settings at 15 international sites. The research employed a two-stage case-finding procedure. GHQ–12 was administered to 25 916 adults who consulted health-care services. The second-stage assessment (n=5438) consisted of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (GDI), the Social Disability Schedule, and questionnaires. Possible cases or borderline cases of mental disorder, and a sample of known cases, were followed up at three months and one year. Using standard diagnostic algorithms (ICD–10), prevalence rates were calculated for current disorder (one-month) and lifetime experience disorder. Well-defined psychological problems are frequent in all the general health-care settings examined (median 24.0%). Among the most common were depression, anxiety, alcohol misuse, somatoform disorders, and neurasthenia. Nine per cent of patients suffered from a “subthreshold condition” that did not meet diagnostic criteria but had clinically significant symptoms and functional impairment. The most common co-occurrence was depression and anxiety. Comorbidity increases the likelihood of recognition of mental disorders in general health care, and the likelihood of receiving treatment.
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“Research has shown that nearly half of all cases of depression and anxiety occur in the same patients at the same time [74].”
From Correlations between social media addiction and anxiety, depression, FoMO, loneliness and self-esteem among students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [74]
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Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Research works printed but not linked: 10
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- Zung, 1990, The comorbidity of anxiety and depression in general medical patients: a longitudinal study, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 77
- Sanderson, 1990, Syndrome comorbidity in patients with major depression or dysthymia: prevalence and temporal relationships, American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1025, 10.1176/ajp.147.8.1025 · DOI
- 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220075008 · DOI
- Wittchen, 1993, Comorbidity and mixed anxiety–depressive disorders: is there epidemiologic evidence?, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 9
- 10.2190/E3QN-9KTR-66CR-Q8TF · DOI
- Üstün, 1995, Mental Illness in General Health Care: An International Study
- Wittchen, 1991, Anxiety disorders: Similarities and differences of comorbidity in treated and untreated groups, British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 23, 10.1192/S0007125000296219 · DOI
- Goldberg, 1988, A User Guide to the General Health Questionnaire: GHQ
- 10.1097/00005053-199206000-00006 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 · Cited by 9,779
“Recognising the extensive comorbidity between anxiety and depression [63–65], the moderate to strong correlations between HADS-A and HADS-D subscales reported were to be expected.”
BackgroundEpidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/bbandelow · Cited by 2,079
“19 Specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder start earliest, with a median age of onset of 7 years, followed by SAD (13), agoraphobia without panic attacks (20), and panic disorder (24).”
BackgroundComorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573
“F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ing (Lewinsohn et al 1995, Sartorius et al 1996), and psychosocial functioning (Lewinsohn et al 1995, Reich et al 1993).”
BackgroundThe Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P. J., de Jong, P. J., van Marwijk, H., Assendelft, W. J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.256 · Cited by 930
The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis
Tian-Ci Quek, T., Wai-San Tam, W., X. Tran, B., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Su-Hui Ho, C., & Chun-Man Ho, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152735 · Cited by 990
“A lower quality of life [114], loss of relationships [115] and high rate of comorbidity with depression [116] are often associated with anxiety disorders.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sartorius, N., Üstün, T. B., Lecrubier, Y., & Wittchen, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Üstün, T. Bedirhan
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- S30
- Pages
- 38-43
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2765030473
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 18.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, comorbidities, primary care, mental illness, prevalence, mental disorder recognition, treatment seeking, alcohol abuse, somatoform disorders, neurasthenia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Professional Impairment, Psychotropic Drugs, Sampling Studies, World Health Organization, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio
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