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The Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Cell System and Its Tumors: The WHO Classification
Abstract
A bstract: Although well established in medical terminology, the term carcinoid is no longer adequate to cover the entire morphological and biological spectrum of neoplasms of the disseminated neuroendocrine cell system. Therefore, instead of carcinoid, the WHO classification published in 2000 uses the general terms neuroendocrine tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma. In this review a classification of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors based on the WHO criteria is described. We also classify and comment on the most important tumor entities. On the basis of localization and of various morphological and biological criteria, we distinguish between benign neuroendocrine tumors, tumors with uncertain malignant potential, and tumors showing low‐grade and high‐grade malignancy.
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Cited by
Prognostic factors of long-term outcome in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
Pape, U.-F., Berndt, U., Muller-Nordhorn, J., Bohmig, M., Roll, S., Koch, M., Willich, S. N., & Wiedenmann, B. (2008) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0017 · Cited by 384
Klimstra, D. S., Modlin, I. R., Adsay, N. V., Chetty, R., Deshpande, V., Gönen, M., Jensen, R. T., Kidd, M., Kulke, M. H., Lloyd, R. V., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e3181ce1447 · Cited by 351
ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms
Delle Fave, G., Kwekkeboom, D. J., Van Cutsem, E., Rindi, G., Kos-Kudla, B., Knigge, U., Sasano, H., Tomassetti, P., Salazar, R., & Ruszniewski, P. (2012) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000335595 · Cited by 327
Nikfarjam, M., Warshaw, A. L., Axelrod, L., Deshpande, V., Thayer, S. P., Ferrone, C. R., & Fernández-del Castillo, C. (2008) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e31815792ed · Cited by 221
Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma after long-term use of proton pump inhibitor.
Jianu, C. S., Lange, O. J., Viset, T., Qvigstad, G., Martinsen, T. C., Fougner, R., Kleveland, P. M., Fossmark, R., Hauso, Ø., & Waldum, H. L. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365521.2011.627444 · Cited by 80
Metadata
- Authors
- KLÖPPEL, G., PERREN, A., & HEITZ, P. U.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 1014
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-27
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2084793761
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 17.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Cell System and Its Tumors: The WHO Classification. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1196/annals.1294.002
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- KLÖPPEL, G., PERREN, A., & HEITZ, P. U. (2004). The Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Cell System and Its Tumors: The WHO Classification. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1294.002
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
