Prediction of Breast Tumor Progression by Integrity of Free Circulating DNA in Serum

Abstract

Purpose: Cell-free DNA circulating in serum is a candidate molecular biomarker for malignant tumors. Unlike uniformly truncated DNA released from apoptotic cells, DNA released from dead cancer cells varies in size. Serum DNA integrity, the ratio of longer fragments to total DNA, may be clinically useful for detecting breast cancer progression. Patients and Methods: Serum samples from 51 healthy females and 83 females with primary breast cancers (eight American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0, 24 stage I, 27 stage II, 21 stage III, and three stage IV) were assessed preoperatively. Serum DNA integrity was assessed by fragment length-dependent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of ALU DNA repeats. Results: Mean serum DNA integrity was significantly higher in patients with stage II, III, and IV breast cancers than in healthy females (P = .005, P < .0001, and P = .002, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for discriminating patients with stage II or more advanced breast cancers from healthy females had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.86). Mean serum DNA integrity was positively correlated to size of invasive cancers (r = 0.48; P < .0001) and significantly higher in the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI; 0.25 ± 0.02 v 0.17 ± 0.02; P < .0001) or lymph node (LN) metastasis (0.27 ± 0.02 v 0.14 ± 0.02; P < .0001). The ROC curve for discriminating LN metastasis had an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.89). Serum DNA integrity and LVI were significant for predicting LN metastasis in a multivariate analysis (P = .0002 and P < .0001, respectively). Conclusion: Integrity of serum circulating DNA is a promising molecular biomarker for detecting breast cancer tumor progression and regional LN metastases.