The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of hatha yoga and african dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dance and yoga have been shown to produce improvements in psychological well-being. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine some of the psychological and neuroendocrine response to these activities. METHODS: Sixty-nine healthy college students participated in one of three 90-min classes: African dance (n = 21), Hatha yoga (n= 18), or a biology lecture as a control session (n = 30). Before and after each condition participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), completed the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, and provided a saliva sample for cortisol. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in PSS and negative affect (ps < .0001) and Time x Treatment interactions (ps < .0001) such that African dance and Hatha yoga showed significant declines, whereas there was no significant change in biology lecture. There was no significant main effect for positive affect (p = .53), however there was a significant interaction effect (p < .001) such that positive affect increased in African dance, decreased in biology lecture, and did not change significantly in Hatha yoga. There was a significant main effect for salivary cortisol (p < .05) and a significant interaction effect (p < .0001) such that cortisol increased in African dance, decreased in Hatha yoga, and did not change in biology. Changes in cortisol were not significantly related to changes in psychological variables across treatments. There was 1 significant interaction effect (p = .04) such that change in positive affect and change in cortisol were negatively correlated in Hatha yoga but positively correlated in Africa dance and biology. CONCLUSIONS: Both African dance and Hatha yoga reduced perceived stress and negative affect. Cortisol increased in African dance and decreased in Hatha yoga. Therefore, even when these interventions produce similar positive psychological effects, the effects may be very different on physiological stress processes. One factor that may have particular salience is that amount of physiological arousal produced by the intervention.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults.
McKinney, C. H., Antoni, M. H., Kumar, M., Tims, F. C., & McCabe, P. M. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.4.390 · Cited by 263
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung HY: Persons with chronic conditions: Their prevalence and costs.Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996,276:1473–1479. · DOI · Paper page
- Mayer EA, Craske M, Naliboff BD: Depression, anxiety, and the gastrointestinal system.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001,62:28–37.
- Johnston-Brooks CH, Lewis MA, Evans GW, Whalen CK: Chronic stress and illness in children: The role of allostatic load.Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998,60:597–603. · DOI
- Wolkowitz OM, Epel ES, Reus VI: Stress hormone-related psychopathology: Pathophysiological and treatment implications.World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2001,2: 115–143. · DOI
- Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al.: Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a follow-up national survey.Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998,280:1569–1575. · DOI · Paper page
- Berger BG, Owen DR: Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: Aerobic exercise may not be necessary.Perception and Motor Skills. 1992,75:1331–1343. · DOI · Paper page
- Schmidt T, Wijga A, Von Zur Muhlen A, et al.: Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and hormones during a comprehensive residential three month kriya yoga training and vegetarian nutrition.Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997,640(Suppl.): 158–162.
- Garfinkel MS, Singhal A, Katz WA, et al.: Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized trial.Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998,280:1601–1603. · DOI · Paper page
- Schell FJ, Allolio B, Schonecke OW: Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-yoga exercise in healthy women.Internation Journal of Psychosomatics. 1994,41:46–52.
- Kamei T, Toriumi Y, Kimura H, et al.: Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation.Perception and Motor Skills. 2000,90:1027–1032. · DOI · Paper page
- Cruess DG, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Schneiderman N: Reductions in salivary cortisol are associated with mood improvement during relaxation training among HIV-seropositive men.Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2000,23:107–122. · DOI
- Field T, Ironson G, Scafidi F, et al.: Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations.International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996,86: 197–205. · DOI · Paper page
- Lane AM, Lovejoy DJ: The effects of exercise on mood changes: The moderating effect of depressed mood.Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2001,41:539–545.
- Bartholomew JB, Miller BM: Affective responses to an aerobic dance class: The impact of perceived performance.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2002,73:301–309. · DOI · Paper page
- Cohen SO, Walco GA: Dance/movement therapy for children and adolescents with cancer.Cancer Practice. 1999,7:34–42. · DOI
- Noreau L, Martineau H, Roy L, Belzile M: Effects of a modified dance-based exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological state and health status of persons with rheumatoid arthritis.American Journal of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation. 1995,74:19–27. · DOI
- Howlett TA: Hormonal responses to exercise training: A short review.Clinical Endocrinology. 1987,26:723–742. · DOI
- Buchanan TW, al’ Absi M, Lovallo WR: Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases in negative affect.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999,24:227–241. · DOI
- Clark L, Iversen SD, Goodwin GM: The influence of positive and negative mood states on risk taking, verbal fluency, and salivary cortisol.Affective Disorders. 2001,63:179–187. · DOI
- Perna FM, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Cruess DG, Schneiderman N: Cognitive-behavioral intervention effects on mood and cortisol during exercise training.Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1998,20:92–98. · DOI
Cited by
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013 · Cited by 2,851
Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Saper, R. B., Ciraulo, D. A., & Brown, R. P. (2012) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021 · Cited by 694
Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: a review
Teychenne, M., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.009 · Cited by 677
Yoga as an Adjunctive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
van der Kolk, B. A., Stone, L., West, J., Rhodes, A., Emerson, D., Suvak, M., & Spinazzola, J. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08561 · Cited by 389
A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood
Pascoe, M. C., & Bauer, I. E. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013 · Cited by 366
Metadata
- Authors
- West, J., Otte, C., Geher, K., Johnson, J., & Mohr, D. C.
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 114-118
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- OpenAlex
- W2048322943
- Cited by
- 420
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of hatha yoga and african dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1207/s15324796abm2802_6
- The paper
- West, J., Otte, C., Geher, K., Johnson, J., & Mohr, D. C. (2004). Effects of hatha yoga and african dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2802_6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
