The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Media, Terrorism, and Emotionality: Emotional Differences in Media Content and Public Reactions to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
Abstract
Research on print and broadcast media shows differences in cognitive and affective responses. We extend that research by combining content analysis and survey methods to examine medium differences in the emotional tone of coverage concerning the September 11th terrorist attacks, and audience differences in emotional reactions to the attacks. A computer- aided content analysis of national television and newspaper transcripts demonstrates that television news was consistently more emotional than print news. Further, a panel survey found use of television news was more
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the study conducted in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, Cho et al [147] established that negative affect resulting from television news use after the attacks drove future television news use and predicted negative affect responses several months later.”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [147]
Citations
Cites
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,872
At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. B. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x · Cited by 4,021
THE NATURE OF BELIEF SYSTEMS IN MASS PUBLICS
Converse, P. E. (2004) · Aarhus University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.35529187.18 · Cited by 2,497
Lazarus, R. S. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.2.124 · Cited by 1,402
Dayán, D., & Katz, E. (1992) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674030305 · Cited by 1,336
Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History.
Rothenbuhler, E. W., Dayán, D., & Katz, E. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075807 · Cited by 1,314
The effects of emotional arousal and valence on television viewers’ cognitive capacity and memory
Lang, A., Dhillon, K., & Dong, Q. (1995) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159509364309 · Cited by 329
Cognition in emotion: Concept and action.
Lang, P. J. (1985) · Cited by 305
American Journalism and the Decline in Event-Centered Reporting
Barnhurst, K. G., & Mutz, D. C. (1997) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02724.x · Cited by 237
A Bio-Informational Theory of Emotion: Motion and Image Size Effects on Viewers
Detenber, B. H., & Reeves, B. B. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01489.x · Cited by 212
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Becker K., 1995, Culture & Society, 17, 629
- Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D. & McHugo, C. J. (1985). Emotional and cognitive responses to televised images of political leaders. In S. Kraus & R. M. Perloff (Eds.), Mass media and political thought: An information-processing approach (pp. 85-1 16). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense ofplace. New York Oxford University Press.
- Paletz, D., Ayanian, J. & Fozzard, P. (1 982). Terrorism on television news: The IRA, the FALN, and the Red Brigades. In W. Adams (Ed.), Television coverage of international affairs (pp. 143-1 65). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (1999). The lnternet news audience goes ordinary: january 14 Survey Report Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
- Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2001). American psyche reeling from terror attacks: September 79 Survey Report Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
- Schudson M., 1982, Daedalus, 3, 97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts
Young, L., & Soroka, S. (2012) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2012.671234 · Cited by 609
Disclosure Tone and Shareholder Litigation
Rogers, J. L., Buskirk, A. V., & Zechman, S. L. C. (2011) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-10137 · Cited by 582
Henry, E., & Leone, A. J. (2015) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-51161 · Cited by 371
Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12226 · Cited by 365
From Mediatized Emotion to Digital Affect Cultures: New Technologies and Global Flows of Emotion
Döveling, K., Harju, A. A., & Sommer, D. (2018) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305117743141 · Cited by 238
Disaster Media Coverage and Psychological Outcomes: Descriptive Findings in the Extant Research
Pfefferbaum, B., Newman, E., Nelson, S. D., Nitiéma, P., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Rahman, A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0464-x · Cited by 230
Hasell, A., & Weeks, B. E. (2016) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12092 · Cited by 246
Liu, B. F., Fraustino, J. D., & Jin, Y. (2014) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2014.982685 · Cited by 132
Bad News or Mad News? Sentiment Scoring of Negativity, Fear, and Anger in News Content
Soroka, S., Young, L., & Balmas, M. (2015) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215569217 · Cited by 128
Iyer, A., Webster, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Vanman, E. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12243 · Cited by 143
Hopwood, T. L., & Schutte, N. S. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000056 · Cited by 106
Faster, Hotter, and More Linked In: Managing Social Disapproval in the Social Media Era
Wang, X., Reger, R. K., & Pfarrer, M. D. (2019) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0375 · Cited by 88
TV News and COVID-19: Media Influence on Healthy Behavior in Public Spaces
Scopelliti, M., Pacilli, M. G., & Aquino, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041879 · Cited by 90
Boyle, M., & Schmierbach, M. (2009) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370802662424 · Cited by 83
Self-citationThe consequences of terrorism on migration attitudes across Europe
Nussio, E., Bove, V., & Steele, B. (2019) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102047 · Cited by 81
Schwalbe, C. B., Silcock, B. W., & Keith, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150802205702 · Cited by 82
Till death do us join: media, mourning rituals and the sacred centre of the society
Pantti, M., & Sumiala, J. (2008) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443708098251 · Cited by 80
Evaluation of preparatory measures for coping with anxiety raised by media coverage of terrorism.
Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.535 · Cited by 75
Castella, K. D., McGarty, C., & Musgrove, L. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00678.x · Cited by 70
Brún, A. D., McCarthy, M. B., McKenzie, K., & McGloin, A. F. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.005 · Cited by 66
Tsfati, Y., Tukachinsky, R. H., & Peri, Y. (2009) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edp015 · Cited by 65
Houston, J. B., Spialek, M. L., & First, J. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy023 · Cited by 63
The symbiotic relationship between Islamophobia and radicalisation
Abbas, T. (2012) · Critical Studies on Terrorism · doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.723448 · Cited by 60
Local Television and Newspaper Coverage of Political Advertising
Fowler, E. F., & Ridout, T. N. (2009) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600902850635 · Cited by 59
Measuring Qualitative Information in Capital Markets ResearchPreprint
Henry, E., & Leone, A. J. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1470807 · Cited by 57
GENDER, TWITTER AND NEWS CONTENT
Armstrong, C. L., & Gao, F. (2010) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2010.527548 · Cited by 56
Children's and Parents' Fright Reactions to Kidnapping Stories in the News
Wilson, B. J., Martins, N., & Marske, A. L. (2005) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/0363775052000342526 · Cited by 55
Schemer, C. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650211427141 · Cited by 55
Media ritual in catastrophic time
Durham, F. D. (2007) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884907084342 · Cited by 54
Namkoong, K., Fung, T. K. F., & Scheufele, D. A. (2012) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2011.563894 · Cited by 53
Message Framing and Constructing Meaning: An Emerging Paradigm in Mass Communication Research
Wicks, R. H. (2005) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2005.11679052 · Cited by 52
The Influence of Television News Depictions of the Images of War on Viewers
Pfau, M. W., Haigh, M. M., Shannon, T., Tones, T., Mercurio, D., Williams, R., Binstock, B., Diaz, C., Dillard, C., Browne, M., et al. (2008) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150801992128 · Cited by 52
Nisbet, E. C., & Myers, T. A. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650211405648 · Cited by 52
Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation
Corrigall‐Brown, C., & Wilkes, R. (2014) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.009 · Cited by 47
Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos
Rodgers, S., Kenix, L. J., & Thorson, E. (2007) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205430709337007 · Cited by 45
Fear of terrorism: media exposure and subjective fear of attack
Williamson, H., Fay, S., & Miles‐Johnson, T. (2019) · Global Crime · doi:10.1080/17440572.2019.1569519 · Cited by 47
Public Support for Civil Liberties Pre- and Post-9/11
Sullivan, J. L., & Hendriks, H. (2009) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131525 · Cited by 42
How Fear Drives Us Apart: Explaining the Relationship between Terrorism and Social Trust
Godefroidt, A., & Langer, A. (2018) · Terrorism and Political Violence · doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1482829 · Cited by 46
Hart, P. S., Nisbet, E. C., & Shanahan, J. E. (2011) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920802676464 · Cited by 42
Terrorism and Africa: A Study of Agenda Building in the United States
Wanta, W., & Kalyango, Y. (2007) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edm028 · Cited by 40
September 11 News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Support for Civil Liberties
Scheufele, D. A., Nisbet, M. C., & Ostman, R. E. (2005) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0803_2 · Cited by 39
Brinson, M., & Stohl, M. S. (2012) · Journal of International and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/17513057.2012.713973 · Cited by 37
Malecki, W., Bilandzic, H., Kowal, M., & Sorokowski, P. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.037 · Cited by 31
Partisan Identification as a Predictor of Cortisol Response to Election News
Blanton, H., Strauts, E., & Pérez, M. (2012) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2012.736239 · Cited by 30
Framework for affective news analysis of Arabic news: 2014 Gaza attacks case study
Al-Sarhan, H., Al-Soud, M., AL-Smadi, M., Al‐Ayyoub, M., & Jararweh, Y. (2016) · International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) · doi:10.1109/iacs.2016.7476073 · Cited by 29
Hwang, J., Borah, P., Shah, D., & Brauer, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413198 · Cited by 28
Self-citationUsing Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis to Evaluate Arabic News Affect on Readers
AL-Smadi, M., Al‐Ayyoub, M., Al-Sarhan, H., & Jararweh, Y. (2015) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC) · doi:10.1109/ucc.2015.78 · Cited by 28
Otto, L., Thomas, F., Maier, M., & Ottenstein, C. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650219872392 · Cited by 31
Wait and See? Public Opinion Dynamics after Terrorist Attacks
Epifanio, M., Giani, M., & Ivandic, R. (2023) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/723978 · Cited by 30
Shocking secret you won’t believe! Emotional arousal in clickbait headlines
Pengnate, S. F. (2019) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-05-2018-0172 · Cited by 26
Television journalism during terror attacks
Mogensen, K. (2008) · Media War & Conflict · doi:10.1177/1750635207087624 · Cited by 26
Media Attention to Terrorist Attacks: Causes and Consequences
Walsh, J. I. (2010) · Cited by 25
Schramm, H., & Wirth, W. (2006) · Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2006-1-25 · Cited by 28
Political News in Online and Print Newspapers
Jacobi, C., Königslöw, K. K., & Ruigrok, N. (2015) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1087810 · Cited by 24
Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective.
Kesner, L., Juríčková, V., Grygarová, D., & Horáček, J. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/68640 · Cited by 23
“In the study conducted in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, Cho et al [147] established that negative affect resulting from television news use after the attacks drove future television news use and predicted negative affect responses several months later.”
Words and Their Ways in Campaign ’08
Hart, R. P., & Lind, C. J. (2010) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764210381712 · Cited by 23
Zerback, T., & Wirz, D. S. (2021) · Studies in Communication Sciences · doi:10.24434/j.scoms.2021.01.003 · Cited by 22
Tourism, War, and Media: The Russia-Ukraine War Narrative
Tan, J., & Cheng, M. (2024) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875241245047 · Cited by 21
Explaining different orientations to the 2013 Gezi Park demonstrations in Istanbul, Turkey.
Stewart, A. L., Leach, C., Bilali, R., Çelik, A., & Çidam, A. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12316 · Cited by 11
Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00044.x · Cited by 20
Paulus, P. C., & Muehlfeld, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Global Mobility The Home of Expatriate Management Research · doi:10.1108/jgm-11-2016-0062 · Cited by 20
The effects of collective anger and fear on policy support in response to terrorist attacks
Kim, J. (2015) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1119669 · Cited by 19
Slone, M., Shoshani, A., & Baumgarten‐Katz, I. (2008) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701510124 · Cited by 25
Talking About What Provokes Us
Lee, H., & Jones-Jang, S. M. (2016) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x16657805 · Cited by 19
Duval, D., & Pétry, F. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000842391600055x · Cited by 23
Emotionalization in the Media Coverage of Honey Bee Colony Losses
Huber, B., & Aichberger, I. (2020) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v8i1.2498 · Cited by 19
An examination of college students’ fears about terrorism and the likelihood of a terrorist attack
Misis, M. L., Bush, M. D., & Hendrix, N. (2016) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2016.1187656 · Cited by 21
Fight and Flight: Evidence of Aggressive Capitulation in the Face of Fear Messages from Terrorists
Iyer, A., Hornsey, M. J., Vanman, E. J., Esposo, S. R., & Ale, S. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12182 · Cited by 18
Manwell, L. A. (2010) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764209353279 · Cited by 18
Haigh, M. M., & Bruce, M. D. (2017) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/1748048516682141 · Cited by 17
Role of Affective Mediators in the Effects of Media Use on Proenvironmental Behavior
Li, Z. (2020) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547020971646 · Cited by 19
Matthes, J., & Marquart, F. (2013) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-013-0182-0 · Cited by 16
Civic Attachment in the Aftermath of September 11
Schmierbach, M., Boyle, M., & McLeod, D. M. (2005) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0804_3 · Cited by 16
Self-citationKühne, R. (2012) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-68721 · Cited by 15
News frames and national security: covering big brother
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.191138 · Cited by 15
Visualizing disaster attitudes resulting from terrorist activities
Khalid, H. M., Helander, M. G., & Hood, N. A. (2012) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.06.005 · Cited by 14
Reactions of Oklahoma City bombing survivors to media coverage of the September 11, 2001, attacks
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Houston, J. B., Tucker, P. M., Jeon‐Slaughter, H., & North, C. S. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.010 · Cited by 16
Jacobs, L., Boukes, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2018) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321718765696 · Cited by 14
Newspaper Review Show in the Broadcast Media Space in Ghana
Nyarko, J. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016654952 · Cited by 13
Rethinking Emotional Desensitization to Violence
Li, J., Conathan, D., & Hughes, C. (2017) · International Conference on Social Media and Society (SMSociety) · doi:10.1145/3097286.3097333 · Cited by 12
van der Velden, P. G., van der Meulen, E., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Yzermans, J. C. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12426 · Cited by 12
Pemberton, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3025-2_3 · Cited by 15
Setting the Public Sentiment: Examining the Relationship between Social Media and News Sentiments
Huh, C. U., & Park, H. W. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12030105 · Cited by 11
Feinholdt, A., Schuck, A. R. T., Lecheler, S. K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2016) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000165 · Cited by 11
Building Narratives: A Study of Terrorism Framing by Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya TV Networks
Abdullah, S. A. N., & Elareshi, M. (2015) · Arab Media and Society. · doi:10.70090/same15bn · Cited by 11
Schaefer, E. G., Halldorson, M., & Dizon-Reynante, C. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.558512 · Cited by 11
Portell, M., & Mullet, É. (2014) · Journal of Motivation Emotion and Personality Reversal Theory Studies · doi:10.12689/jmep.2014.205 · Cited by 11
The rhetoric of Islamic activism: ADICTIONstudy
Hart, R. P., & Lind, C. J. (2011) · Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict · doi:10.1080/17467586.2011.627934 · Cited by 11
Letters to Sarah: analysis of email responses to an online editorial
Ogan, C., Çiçek, F., & Özakça, M. (2005) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444805054117 · Cited by 11
Knowing is Half the Battle: How Education Decreases the Fear of Terrorism
Krause, P., Gustafson, D. J., Theriault, J. E., & Young, L. (2022) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027221079648 · Cited by 10
Wicks, R. H. (2005) · Communication Yearbook · doi:10.1207/s15567419cy2901_11 · Cited by 10
The Onionand the geopolitics of satire
Holland, E. C., & Levy, A. (2017) · Popular Communication · doi:10.1080/15405702.2017.1397674 · Cited by 10
Indirect Victimization from Terrorism: A Proposed Post-Exposure Intervention
Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.30.3.88r0563124517027 · Cited by 10
Media Use, Anti-Americanism and International Support for the Iraq War
Willnat, L., Aw, A., Hamdy, N. N., He, Z., Menayang, V., Porte, M. T. L., Sanders, K., & Tamam, E. (2006) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/1748048506068729 · Cited by 9
Parental Communication About Kidnapping Stories in the US News
Martins, N., & Wilson, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.558261 · Cited by 9
Hutchinson, D. B., & Bradley, S. D. (2009) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.2990/28_1_31 · Cited by 9
Der affektive Einfluss von politischer Werbung in Kampagnen auf Einstellungen
Schemer, C. (2010) · Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2010--227 · Cited by 9
Horiuchi, S., Ozaki, A., Inoue, M., Aida, J., & Yamaoka, K. (2019) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.247.129 · Cited by 8
Torres-Toukoumidis, Á., Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Moreno, P. D. C., & Aguaded, I. (2016) · Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación · doi:10.14198/medcom2017.8.1.9 · Cited by 8
Shoshani, A., & Slone, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01911 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Cho, J., Boyle, M. P., Keum, H., Shevy, M. D., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., & Pan, Z.
- Venue
- Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 309-327
- ISSN
- 0883-8151 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6878
- OpenAlex
- W2019829209
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 19.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Keywords
- September 11 attacks, terrorism, media coverage, emotional tone, television news, emotional responses, news framing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review