Cited by 396Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsIon Transport and Channel Regulation

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Plasma Membrane Transport of Thyroid Hormones and Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Bioavailability

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Hennemann, Georg, Docter, Roelof, Friesema, Edith C. H., de Jong, Marion, Krenning, Eric P., Visser, Theo J.·2001·Endocrine Reviews

DOI 10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435

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Abstract

Although it was originally believed that thyroid hormones enter target cells by passive diffusion, it is now clear that cellular uptake is effected by carrier-mediated processes. Two stereospecific binding sites for each T4 and T3 have been detected in cell membranes and on intact cells from humans and other species. The apparent Michaelis-Menten values of the high-affinity, low-capacity binding sites for T4 and T3 are in the nanomolar range, whereas the apparent Michaelis- Menten values of the low-affinity, high-capacity binding sites are usually in the lower micromolar range. Cellular uptake of T4 and T3 by the high-affinity sites is energy, temperature, and often Na+ dependent and represents the translocation of thyroid hormone over the plasma membrane. Uptake by the low-affinity sites is not dependent on energy, temperature, and Na+ and represents binding of thyroid hormone to proteins associated with the plasma membrane. In rat erythrocytes and hepatocytes, T3 plasma membrane carriers have been tentatively identified as proteins with apparent molecular masses of 52 and 55 kDa. In different cells, such as rat erythrocytes, pituitary cells, astrocytes, and mouse neuroblastoma cells, uptake of T4 and T3 appears to be mediated largely by system L or T amino acid transporters. Efflux of T3 from different cell types is saturable, but saturable efflux of T4 has not yet been demonstrated. Saturable uptake of T4 and T3 in the brain occurs both via the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Thyroid hormone uptake in the intact rat and human liver is ATP dependent and rate limiting for subsequent iodothyronine metabolism. In starvation and nonthyroidal illness in man, T4 uptake in the liver is decreased, resulting in lowered plasma T3 production. Inhibition of liver T4 uptake in these conditions is explained by liver ATP depletion and increased concentrations of circulating inhibitors, such as 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, indoxyl sulfate, nonesterified fatty acids, and bilirubin. Recently, several organic anion transporters and L type amino acid transporters have been shown to facilitate plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormone. Future research should be directed to elucidate which of these and possible other transporters are of physiological significance, and how they are regulated at the molecular level.

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Characterization of the thyroid hormone transport system of isolated hepatocytes.
Blondeau, J., Osty, J., & Francon, J. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69122-7 · Cited by 89
Decreased serum triiodothyronine in starving rats is due primarily to diminished thyroidal secretion of thyroxine.
Kinlaw, W. B., Schwartz, H. L., & Oppenheimer, J. H. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111821 · Cited by 87
Uptake of thyroid hormone by isolated rat liver cells
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Serum Reverse Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine Kinetics in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure*
Kaptein, E. M., Feinstein, E. I., Nicoloff, J. T., & Massry, S. G. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-1-181 · Cited by 82
Hormone delivery systems to the brain - transthyretin
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Uptake of L-tri-iodothyronine by isolated rat liver cells. A process partially inhibited by metabolic inhibitors; attempts to distinguish between uptake and binding to intracellular proteins
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Inhibition of Hepatic Binding of Thyroxine by Cholecystographic Agents
Felicetta, J. V., Green, W. L., & Nelp, W. B. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci109755 · Cited by 76
Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Permeability to Intravenous Thyroid Hormones*
Hagen, G. A., & Solberg, L. A. (1974) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-95-5-1398 · Cited by 75
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the mouse organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (Oatp1) and mapping of the gene to chromosome X
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Regulation of organic anion and drug transporters of the sinusoidal membrane
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Effects of caloric deprivation on thyroid hormone tissue uptake and generation of low-T3 syndrome
van der Heyden, J. T. M., Docter, R., van Toor, H., Wilson, J. H. P., HENNEMANN, G., & Krenning, E. P. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.2.e156 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Transthyretin is not essential for thyroxine to reach the brain and other tissues in transthyretin-null mice
Palha, J. A., Hays, M. T., de Escobar, G. M., Episkopou, V., Gottesman, M. E., & Saraiva, M. J. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.3.e485 · Cited by 70
Multiple Effects of 5,5′-Diphenylhydantoin on the Thyroid Hormone System*
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The Transport of Thyroxine into Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells, NB41A3: The Effect of L-System Amino Acids*
Lakshmanan, M. C., Gonçalves, E., LESSLY, G., FOTI, D. P., & Robbins, J. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-6-3245 · Cited by 68
Thyroid hormone transport by 4F2hc-IU12 heterodimers expressed in Xenopus oocytes
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High affinity L-triiodothyronine binding sites on washed rat erythrocyte membranes.
Botta, J. A., de Mendoza, D., Morero, R. D., & Farı́as, R. N. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32269-5 · Cited by 66
The binding of thyroid hormones to phospholipid membranes
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Characterization of Binding and Uptake of 3,3′,5-Triido-L-Thyronine in Cultured Mouse Fibroblasts
Cheng, S.-Y. (1983) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-112-5-1754 · Cited by 64
The Influence of Extracellular Thyroxine-Binding Protein upon the Accumulation of Thyroxine by Tissue Slices 12
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High affinity thyroxine binding to purified rat liver plasma membranes
Gharbi, J., & Torrésani, J. (1979) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91712-1 · Cited by 63
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT OF THYROID HORMONE INTO RAT HEPATOCYTES IS RATE-LIMITING IN TOTAL CELLULAR UPTAKE AND METABOLISM
HENNEMANN, G., Krenning, E. P., Polhuys, M., Mol, J. A., Bernard, B. F., Visser, T. J., & Docter, R. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-119-4-1870 · Cited by 63
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Elevated 3,5-Diiodothyronine Concentrations in the Sera of Patients with Nonthyroidal Illnesses and Brain Tumors
Pinna, G., MEINHOLD, H., Hiedra, L., Thoma, R., Hoell, T., Gräf, K.-J., Stoltenburg, G., Eravci, M., Prengel, H., Brödel, O., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.5.3939 · Cited by 63
Thyroid hormone concentrative uptake in rat erythrocytes. Involvement of the tryptophan transport system T in countertransport of tri-iodothyronine and aromatic amino acids
Zhou, Y., Samson, M., Francon, J., & Blondeau, J. (1992) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2810081 · Cited by 62
Evidence for a close link between the thyroid hormone transport system and the aromatic amino acid transport system T in erythrocytes.
Zhou, Y., Samson, M., Osty, J., Francon, J., & Blondeau, J. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44859-9 · Cited by 62
Rapid stimulation in vitro of rat liver cytochrome oxidase activity by 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and by 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine
Lanni, A., Moreno, M., Lombardi, A., & Goglia, F. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(94)90150-3 · Cited by 58
Fetal and Neonatal Expression of the Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter in the Rat Ileum and Kidney1
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Affinity labeling of the plasma membrane 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine receptor in GH3 cells.
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Cloning of mouse prostaglandin transporter PGT cDNA: species-specific substrate affinities
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Concentration of taurine, beta-alanine, and triiodothyronine by ascites carcinoma cells.
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Thyroxine Transfer and Distribution in Critical Nonthyroidal Illnesses, Chronic Renal Failure, and Chronic Ethanol Abuse*
Kaptein, E. M., Kaptein, J. S., CHANG, E. I., EGODAGE, P. M., Nicoloff, J. T., & Massry, S. G. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-4-606 · Cited by 55
Differential Influence of the 4F2 Heavy Chain and the Protein Related to b0,+ Amino Acid Transport on Substrate Affinity of the Heteromeric b0,+ Amino Acid Transporter
Rajan, D. P., Huang, W. Y., Kekuda, R., George, R. L., Wang, J., Conway, S. J., Devoe, L. D., Leibach, F. H., Prasad, P. D., & Ganapathy, V. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.19.14331 · Cited by 54
Transthyretin expression in the rat brain: effect of thyroid functional state and role in thyroxine transport
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Amiodarone and the Thyroid
Wiersinga, W. M. (1997) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60709-7_10 · Cited by 53
Thyroid hormone binding to plasma membrane preparations: studies in different thyroid states and tissues
GHARBI-CHIHI, J., & Torrésani, J. (1981) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03350448 · Cited by 49
Uptake of triiodothyroacetic acid and its effect on thyrotropin secretion in cultured anterior pituitary cells
Everts, M. E., Visser, T. J., Moerings, E. P. C. M., Docter, R., van Toor, H., Tempelaars, A. M., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.135.6.7988460 · Cited by 49
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Characterization of Triiodothyronine Transport and Accumulation in Rat Erythrocytes*
Osty, J., Jego, L., Francon, J., & Blondeau, J. (1988) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-123-5-2303 · Cited by 48
Membrane transport of L-triiodthyronine by human red cell ghosts
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Full-Length cDNA Cloning and Genomic Organization of the Mouse Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter-1 (lst-1)
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Uptake and binding of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by rat diaphragm in vitro
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Different Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Transport in Liver and Pituitary: Its Possible Role in the Maintenance of Low T3 Production during Nonthyroidal Illness and Fasting in Man
Everts, M. E., de Jong, M., Lim, C., Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., Visser, T. J., & HENNEMANN, G. (1996) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1996.6.359 · Cited by 46
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Thyroid Hormone Export Regulates Cellular Hormone Content and Response
Ribeiro, R. C. J., Cavalieri, R. R., Lomri, N., Rahmaoui, C. M., Baxter, J. D., & Scharschmidt, B. F. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.29.17147 · Cited by 46
EVIDENCE FOR AN ACTIVE STEP IN THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORT TO NUCLEI: DRUG INHIBITION OF L-125I-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BINDING TO NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN RAT PITUITARY TUMOR CELLS
Halpern, J. L., & Hinkle, P. M. (1982) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-110-3-1070 · Cited by 46
Pharmacotherapeutics of the Thyroid Gland
Weetman, A. P., & Grossman, A. B. (1997) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60709-7 · Cited by 45
Carrier‐Mediated Transport of Thyroid Hormones into Rat Glial Cells in Primary Culture
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Thyroid hormone metabolism in nonthyroidal illness
Wiersinga, W. M., & Boelen, A. (1996) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/00060793-199610000-00011 · Cited by 44
Active Transport of Iodothyronines into Human Cultured Fibroblasts*
Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., Bernard, H. F., & HENNEMANN, G. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-4-624 · Cited by 42
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Rat liver type I iodothyronine deiodinase is not identical to protein disulfide isomerase
Schoenmakers, C. H. H., Pigmans, I. G. A. J., Hawkins, H. C., Freedman, R. B., & Visser, T. J. (1989) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(89)92389-9 · Cited by 42
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Characterization of a membrane-associated 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine binding protein by use of monoclonal antibodies
HASUMURA, S., Kitagawa, S., Lovelace, E., Willingham, M. C., Pastan, I. H., & Cheng, S.-Y. (1986) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00372a014 · Cited by 41
Molecular Properties of Hepatic Uptake Systems for Bile Acids and Organic Anions
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Uptake of L-triiodothyronine into human cultured lymphocytes
Holm, A.-C., Wong, K. Y., Pliam, N. B., Jorgensen, E. C., & Goldfine, I. D. (1980) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0950350 · Cited by 41
Transport of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine into the perfused rat liver and subsequent metabolism are inhibited by fasting
de Jong, M., Docter, R., van der Hoek, H. J., Vos, R. A., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.131.1.1612027 · Cited by 40
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Inhibition of iodothyronine transport into rat liver cells by a monoclonal antibody.
Mol, J. A., Krenning, E. P., Docter, R., Rozing, J., & HENNEMANN, G. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57446-4 · Cited by 39
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Energy-Dependent Uptake of 3,5,3′-Triiodo-LThyronine in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Pontecorvi, A., & ROBBINS, J. J. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-119-6-2755 · Cited by 39
Thyroid hormone uptake by hepatocytes: structure-activity relationships of phenylanthranilic acids with inhibitory activity
Chalmers, D. K., Scholz, G. H., Topliss, D. J., Kolliniatis, E., Munro, S. L. A., Craik, D. J., Iskander, M. N., & Stockigt, J. R. (1993) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00061a019 · Cited by 38
Uptake of 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine by Cultured Rat Hepatoma Cells Is Inhibitable by Nonbile Acid Cholephils, Diphenylhydantoin, and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs*
Topliss, D. J., Kolliniatis, E., Barlow, J., Lim, C., & Stockigt, J. R. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-2-980 · Cited by 36
Role of sodium in thyroid hormone uptake by rat skeletal muscle.
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Impaired thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine handling by rat hepatocytes in the presence of serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness.
Vos, R. A., De Jong, M., Bernard, B. F., Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., & Hennemann, G. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629231 · Cited by 36
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Evidence that the uptake of tri-iodo- l -thyronine by human erythrocytes is carrier-mediated but not energy-dependent
Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., Bos, G., Fekkes, D., & Hennemann, G. (1982) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2080027 · Cited by 35
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The essential role of albumin in the active transport of thyroid hormones into primary cultured rat hepatocytes
Krenning, E. P., Docter, R., Bernard, H. F., Visser, T. J., & HENNEMANN, G. (1979) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(79)80501-3 · Cited by 35
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Expression of Rat Liver Cell Membrane Transporters for Thyroid Hormone inXenopus laevisOocytes1
Docter, R., Friesema, E. C. H., van Stralen, P. G. J., Krenning, E. P., Everts, M. E., Visser, T. J., & HENNEMANN, G. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.5.5114 · Cited by 34
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Uptake of thyroxine in cultured anterior pituitary cells of euthyroid rats
Everts, M. E., Docter, R., Moerings, E. P. C. M., van Koetsveld, P. M., Visser, T. J., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.6.8194475 · Cited by 33
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Characterization of the Thyroid Hormone Transport System of Cerebrocortical Rat Neurons in Primary Culture
Chantoux, F., Blondeau, J., & Francon, J. (1995) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062549.x · Cited by 32
Uptake of 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid and 3,3',5'- triiodothyronine in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells and their effects on thyrotropin secretion
Everts, M. E., Visser, T. J., Moerings, E. P. C. M., Tempelaars, A. M., van Toor, H., Docter, R., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.10.7664665 · Cited by 31
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Transport of thyroxine into cultured hepatocytes: effects of mild non‐thyroidal illness and calorie restriction in obese subjects
Lim, C., Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., van Toor, H., Bernard, B. F., de Jong, M., & HENNEMANN, G. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02447.x · Cited by 31
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Characterization of thyroid hormone transport in synaptosomes from rat brain
Kestellakis, A., & Valcana, T. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90213-x · Cited by 31
High affinity L-triiodothyronine binding to right-side-out and inside-out vesicles from rat and human erythrocyte membrane
Angel, R. C., Botta, J. A., & Farı́as, R. N. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47279-7 · Cited by 30
Relationship between thyroid hormone transport and neutral amino acid transport in JAR human choriocarcinoma cells
Prasad, P. D., Leibach, F. H., Mahesh, V. B., & Ganapathy, V. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.2.8299556 · Cited by 30
Saturable, stereospecific transport of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine and L-thyroxine into GH4C1 pituitary cells.
Yan, Z., & Hinkle, P. M. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80711-x · Cited by 29
Intracellular Transport of 3,5,3′-Triiodo-L-Thyronine in Rat Skeletal Myoblasts*
Pontecorvi, A., Lakshmanan, M. C., & ROBBINS, J. J. (1987) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-121-6-2145 · Cited by 29
Transport and metabolism of iodothyronines in cultured human hepatocytes
de Jong, M., Visser, T. J., Bernard, B. F., Docter, R., Vos, R. A., HENNEMANN, G., & Krenning, E. P. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.1.8392080 · Cited by 29
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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Plasma Membrane Transport and Metabolism
HENNEMANN, G., & Visser, T. J. (1997) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60709-7_4 · Cited by 28
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Transport of Thyroid Hormones by Human Erythrocytes: Kinetic Characterization in Adults and Newborns*
Osty, J., Valensi, P. E., Samson, M., Francon, J., & Blondeau, J. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-71-6-1589 · Cited by 28
Characterization of the 3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-Thyronine Binding Site on Plasma Membranes from Human Placenta
Alderson, R. F., Pastan, I. H., & Cheng, S.-Y. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-116-6-2621 · Cited by 27
Regulation of the active transport of 3,3′,5‐triiodothyronine (T3) into primary cultured rat hepatocytes by ATP
Krenning, E. P., Docter, R., Bernard, B. F., Visser, T. J., & HENNEMANN, G. (1980) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(80)80271-7 · Cited by 27
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Transport of thyroxine across the blood-brain barrier is directed primarily from brain to blood in the mouse
Banks, W. A., Kastin, A. J., & Michals, E. A. (1985) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(85)90108-0 · Cited by 27
HYPERTHYROXINAEMIA DUE TO DECREASED PERIPHERAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE PRODUCTION
Jansen, M., Oostdijk, W., Kingma, B., Krenning, E. P., Docter, R., den Brande, J. L. V., & HENNEMANN, G. (1982) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90812-1 · Cited by 26
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Purification and characterization of 55‐kDa protein with 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐ l ‐thyronine‐binding activity and protein disulfide‐isomerase activity from beef liver membrane
HORIUCHI, R., Yamauchi, K., Hayashi, H., Koya, S., Takeuchi, Y., Koichi, K. A. T. O., Kobayashi, M., & Takikawa, H. (1989) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb21081.x · Cited by 26
Membrane transport of thyroid hormone in the human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR
Mitchell, A. M., Manley, S. W., & Mortimer, R. H. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(92)90242-x · Cited by 25
Triiodothyronine binding sites in the rat erythrocyte membrane: involvement in triidothyronine transport and relation to the tryptophan transport System T
Samson, M., Osty, J., Francon, J., & Blondeau, J. (1992) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(92)90118-6 · Cited by 25
Evidence for carrier-mediated uptake of triiodothyronine in cultured anterior pituitary cells of euthyroid rats
Everts, M. E., Docter, R., van Buuren, J. C. J., van Koetsveld, P. M., Hofland, L. J., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.132.3.8440189 · Cited by 25
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Phloretin Inhibits Cellular Uptake and Nuclear Receptor Binding of Triiodothyronine in Human Hep G2 Hepatocarcinoma Cells*
Movius, E. G., Phyillaier, M., & ROBBINS, J. J. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-4-1988 · Cited by 25
Kinetics of internalization and subcellular binding sites for T3 in mouse liver
Morel, G. ́., Ricard‐Blum, S., & Ardail, D. (1996) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1016/0248-4900(96)84781-2 · Cited by 24
Thyroid Hormone Efflux from Monolayer Cultures of Human Fibroblasts and Hepatocytes. Effect of Lipoproteins and Other Thyroxine Transport Proteins
Benvenga, S., & ROBBINS, J. J. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.10.6231 · Cited by 23
Transverse motion of spin-labeled 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine in phospholipid bilayers
Lai, C., Korytowski, W., Niu, C.-H., & Cheng, S.-Y. (1985) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(85)91817-0 · Cited by 23
Neutral amino acid transport pathways in uptake of L-thyroxine by Ehrlich ascites cells
Stitzer, L., & Jacquez, J. (1975) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.229.1.172 · Cited by 22
Characteristics of the Uptake of 3,5,3′-Triiodo-l-thyronine andl-Thyroxine into Red Blood Cells of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
McLeese, J. M., & Eales, J. G. (1996) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1006/gcen.1996.0111 · Cited by 22
Interaction Between Thyroid Hormones and Erythrocyte Membranes: Competitive Inhibition of Binding131I-L-Triiodothyronine and131I-L-Thyroxine by Their Analogs
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SLC7A8, a Gene Mapping within the Lysinuric Protein Intolerance Critical Region, Encodes a New Member of the Glycoprotein-Associated Amino Acid Transporter Family
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Authors: Hennemann, G., Docter, R., Friesema, E. C. H., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & Visser, T. J.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Department of Internal Medicine (R.D., E.C.H.F., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Nuclear Medicine (G.H., M.d.J., E.P.K.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
ORCID: Friesema, Edith C. H.
Krenning, Eric P.
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2001-08-01
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 451-476
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435
OpenAlex: W2108671981
Cited by: 394
References: 255
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 2.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Keywords: thyroid hormone transport, plasma membrane transport, thyroid hormone uptake, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, carrier-mediated transport, system L amino acid transporter, organic anion transporters, blood-brain barrier, low T3 syndrome, starvation
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding Sites, Biological Availability, Biological Transport, Active, Brain, Carrier Proteins, Cell Membrane, Humans, Species Specificity, Starvation, Thyroid Hormones, Hepatocytes

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Plasma Membrane Transport of Thyroid Hormones and Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Bioavailability

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