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Cited by 163Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHuman Health and DiseaseHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Growth and the Growth Hormone-Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Axis in Children With Chronic Inflammation: Current Evidence, Gaps in Knowledge, and Future Directions

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Wong, S. C., Dobie, R., Altowati, M. A., Werther, G. A., Farquharson, C., Ahmed, S. F.·2016·Endocrine Reviews
DOI 10.1210/er.2015-1026
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Abstract

Growth failure is frequently encountered in children with chronic inflammatory conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. Delayed puberty and attenuated pubertal growth spurt are often seen during adolescence. The underlying inflammatory state mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, prolonged use of glucocorticoid, and suboptimal nutrition contribute to growth failure and pubertal abnormalities. These factors can impair growth by their effects on the GH-IGF axis and also directly at the level of the growth plate via alterations in chondrogenesis and local growth factor signaling. Recent studies on the impact of cytokines and glucocorticoid on the growth plate further advanced our understanding of growth failure in chronic disease and provided a biological rationale of growth promotion. Targeting cytokines using biological therapy may lead to improvement of growth in some of these children, but approximately one-third continue to grow slowly. There is increasing evidence that the use of relatively high-dose recombinant human GH may lead to partial catch-up growth in chronic inflammatory conditions, although long-term follow-up data are currently limited. In this review, we comprehensively review the growth abnormalities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis, systemic abnormalities of the GH-IGF axis, and growth plate perturbations. We also systematically reviewed all the current published studies of recombinant human GH in these conditions and discussed the role of recombinant human IGF-1.

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  • Growth inhibition is commonly observed in children with chronic inflammatory diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, chronic kidney disease, or chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

    “Growth inhibition is commonly observed in children with chronic inflammatory diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, chronic kidney disease, or chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Wong et al, 2016).”

    From Mitochondrial DNA and TLR9 drive muscle inflammation upon Opa1 deficiency (2018) · cites this paper as Wong et al, 2016

  • Opa1 deficiency in muscle causes global growth defects in conjunction with an altered Igf1 pathway.

    “These data are consistent with the view that Opa1 deficiency in muscle causes global growth defects in conjunction with an altered Igf1 pathway (Wong et al, 2016).”

    From Mitochondrial DNA and TLR9 drive muscle inflammation upon Opa1 deficiency (2018) · cites this paper as Wong et al, 2016

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Authors
Wong, S. C., Dobie, R., Altowati, M. A., Werther, G. A., Farquharson, C., & Ahmed, S. F.
Affiliations
  • Royal Hospital for Children (GB)
  • Roslin Institute (GB)
  • Murdoch Children's Research Institute (AU)
Corresponding author
Wong, S. C.
ORCID
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2015-12-31
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
62-110
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
DOI
10.1210/er.2015-1026
OpenAlex
W2210882547
Cited by
163
References
489
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Medical Research Council (MR/N003403/1)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1064045, BBS/E/D/20221657)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords
growth failure, somatotropic axis, chronic inflammation, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, delayed puberty, pubertal growth spurt, glucocorticoids, inflammatory cytokines, growth plate, chondrogenesis, recombinant human growth hormone, recombinant human IGF-1, catch-up growth, biologic therapy
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Animals, Arthritis, Juvenile, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Cystic Fibrosis, Drug Therapy, Combination, Growth Disorders, Growth Plate, Growth Substances, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Puberty, Delayed, Recombinant Proteins, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Human Growth Hormone

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