Estrogens, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration
Open accessAbstract
Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are neuroprotective and play a significant role in maintaining neuronal connectivity, but the prolongation of an inflammatory status may limit the beneficial functions of these immune cells. The finding that estrogen receptors are present in monocyte-derived cells and that estrogens prevent and control the inflammatory response raise the question of the role that this sex steroid plays in the manifestation and progression of pathologies that have a clear sex difference in prevalence, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The present review aims to provide a critical review of the current literature on the actions of estrogen in microglia and on the involvement of estrogen receptors in the manifestation of selected neurological disorders. This current understanding highlights a research area that should be expanded to identify appropriate replacement therapies to slow the progression of such diseases.
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Studies in mice show that sex is associated with considerable differences in microglia during and after development.
“Studies in mice have shown that sex is associated with considerable differences in microglia during and after development (53, 54).”
From Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration (2017) · cites this paper as [53]
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References 324 · Cited by 423
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Authors
- Villa, A., Vegeto, E., Poletti, A., & Maggi, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maggi, Adriana
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2016-05-19
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 372-402
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC4971309
- OpenAlex
- W2403424502
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 324
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, ERC-2012-ADG322977-Ways, FP7/2007, 278850)
- Fondazione Cariplo (2013-0786)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG027713)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- estrogen, estrogen receptor, microglia, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, sex differences, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuroprotection, monocyte-derived cells, replacement therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypoxia, Brain, Demyelinating Diseases, Estrogens, Humans, Inflammation, Receptors, Estrogen, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Stroke
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