The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic Insomnia Is Associated with Nyctohemeral Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Clinical Implications
Abstract
Although insomnia is, by far, the most commonly encountered sleep disorder in medical practice, our knowledge in regard to its neurobiology and medical significance is limited. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leads to arousal and sleeplessness in animals and humans; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in insomniacs. We hypothesized that chronic insomnia is associated with increased plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol. Eleven young insomniacs (6 men and 5 women) and 13 healthy controls (9 men and 4 women) without sleep disturbances, matched for age and body mass index, were monitored in the sleep laboratory for 4 consecutive nights, whereas serial 24-h plasma measures of ACTH and cortisol were obtained during the fourth day. Insomniacs, compared with controls, slept poorly (significantly higher sleep latency and wake during baseline nights). The 24-h ACTH and cortisol secretions were significantly higher in insomniacs, compared with normal controls (4.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.3 pM, P = 0.04; and 218.0 +/- 11.0 vs. 190.4 +/- 8.3 nM, P = 0.07). Within the 24-h period, the greatest elevations were observed in the evening and first half of the night. Also, insomniacs with a high degree of objective sleep disturbance (% sleep time < 70), compared with those with a low degree of sleep disturbance, secreted a higher amount of cortisol. Pulsatile analysis revealed a significantly higher number of peaks per 24 h in insomniacs than in controls (P < 0.05), whereas cosinor analysis showed no differences in the temporal pattern of ACTH or cortisol secretion between insomniacs and controls. We conclude that insomnia is associated with an overall increase of ACTH and cortisol secretion, which, however, retains a normal circadian pattern. These findings are consistent with a disorder of central nervous system hyperarousal rather than one of sleep loss, which is usually associated with no change or decrease in cortisol secretion or a circadian disturbance. Chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in insomnia suggests that insomniacs are at risk not only for mental disorders, i.e. chronic anxiety and depression, but also for significant medical morbidity associated with such activation. The therapeutic goal in insomnia should be to decrease the overall level of physiologic and emotional arousal, and not just to improve the nighttime sleep.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although these behaviors are intended to reduce distress or promote sleep, they maintain insomnia by preventing disconfirmation of exaggerated worries about sleep and often disrupt sleep drive and circadian rhythms [18].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Importantly, research indicates that the perceived utility (i.e., the belief that 3 of 21 these behaviors are necessary) rather than just the frequency of safety behaviors, predicts insomnia severity, suggesting that functional relationship individuals have with these behaviors is critical to understanding their maintaining role [18].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Multiple studies have observed that sleep loss, either from acute partial or total sleep deprivation or from recurrent sleep curtailment or insomnia, results in elevated evening cortisol levels (12–19).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“later studies found that 24-h urinary free cortisol, norepinephrine, and catecholamine metabolites levels were increased in patients with insomnia or were correlated with PSG indices of sleep disturbance in insomnia patients(148-151).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [149]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
Chrousos, G. P. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034 · Cited by 2,689
Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.11.1479 · Cited by 2,440
Epidemiologic Study of Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders: An Opportunity for Prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430110069030 · Cited by 2,252
Behavioral and Pharmacological Therapies for Late-Life Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C., Stone, J., Sood, R., & Brink, D. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.11.991 · Cited by 1,095
Rosmond, R., Dallman, M. F., & Björntorp, P. A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.6.4843 · Cited by 959
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia
Morin, C. M., Hauri, P. J., Espie, C. A., Spielman, A. J., Buysse, D. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (1999) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.8.1134 · Cited by 888
Sleep Loss Results in an Elevation of Cortisol Levels the Next Evening
(1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.10.865 · Cited by 745 · cited 1×
“Also, most studies on the effect of sleep loss on cortisol secretion, with the exception of one study that showed a significant increase of cortisol in the evening ( 29 ), have reported either no change (30 –32) or a decrease in the secretion of cortisol (12).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Chrousos, 1993, Side effects of glucocorticoid treatment., JAMA, 269, 2110, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500160080036 · DOI
- Genazzani, 1991, 124, 295
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–880 of 880
Occupational Health and Sleep Issues in Underserved Populations
Kalliny, M., & McKenzie, J. G. (2018) · Physician Assistant Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.005
Ahmed, M., & Woyshville, M. J. (2006) · Indian Journal of Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5005/ijsm-1-3-125
Mirghani, H. O. (2020) · Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.18502/sjms.v15i1.6696
Motive, die Alkohol- und/oder Tabakabhängige zum Arzt führen
Lesch, O., Walter, H., Pombo›, S., König, D., Souirti, N., & Vyssoki, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60284-3_7
Engstrøm, M. M. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Sleep disorders & Hormones: how are they related?
Service de Pneumologie, E. B. A., Chaouki, F., Djebbar, A., Drias, D., & Service d’Endocrinologie, C. B. A. (2021) · Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) · doi:10.48087/bjmsra.2021.8207
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470041000.cedt076
The Role of Pharmacological Interventions for Sleep Deprivation
Walsh, J. K., & Roth, T. G. (2004) · Lung biology in health and disease · doi:10.1201/b14100-28
Smitherman, T., & Rogers, D. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch181
Insomnia: clinical presentation, diagnostic characterization, and etiological considerations
Drake, C. L., & Atkinson, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00123-7
Levine, T. B., & Levine, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118480045.ch8
Zalai, D. M., & Shapiro, C. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00100-6
Geagea, L., Talih, F. R., Kobeissy, F. H., Tamim, H., Bejjani, M. E., Nakhle, P. E., & Chebaro, M. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.728
The mediator role of psychological morbidity on sleep and health behaviors in adolescents
Pucci, S. H. M., & Pereira, M. G. (2016) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2015.11.005
Kales, A. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.010
Neurobiological Mechanisms in Chronic Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Pigeon, W. R., Gehrman, P., Findley, J., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.06.005
Diagnosis of Insomnia Disorder
Atkinson, R., & Drake, C. L. (2022) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_12
Health technology assessments of devices drawn on experiences from orphan medicines
Medić, G. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.233715293
Min, X., Zou, X., Tang, Y., Zhu, L., liquan, L., Zhengyang, Z., Lv, Q., Shiwan, T., Minhan, D., Wu, Y., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2036485/v1
Valiensi, S. M., & Izbizky, G. H. (2022) · Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba · doi:10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n4.31046
Relationship Between Hypertension and Sleep: An Overview
ASRAF, N. O., Kailani, A. H. M., Altawili, M. A., Almutairi, M. B., Zolali, H. S., Aljahdali, S. M., Alzahrani Shroq Hassan, S., Bonais, N. A. A., Alotaibi, T. A. R., Ahmed, R. S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research · doi:10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.1.sp2.l42-l56
Insomnia in the Elderly and Its Treatment
Özgören, M., & Öniz, A. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22468-3_23
Heo, J.-M., Cho, S., & Kang, S. (2023) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2023.0010
Depression Risk Model Among Malaysians
Radzman, M. A. M., Al-Hazmi, L. A. A., Zaian, A., & Supriyanto, E. (2022) · International Conference on Healthcare Engineering (ICHE) · doi:10.1109/iche55634.2022.10179888
Insomnia : Defination, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
-, A. B., -, Z. Z., -, U. S., -, H. B., -, M. A., -, P. B., -, D. V., -, J. K., & -, V. L. (2024) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.13607
ПАТОГЕНЕТИЧНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ ПОРУШЕННЯ СНУ ВНАСЛІДОК СТРЕСОГЕННОСТІ COVID-19
Подпалова, О., & Kurovska, V. (2024) · ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ · doi:10.36074/grail-of-science.15.03.2024.071
Edward O. Bixler, PhD: from the Apollo project and chimpanzees to sleep epidemiology
Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Calhoun, S. L., & Bixler, E. O. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae020
Zhang, J., Wang, T., Yang, P., Miao, Y., Ge, B., & Sun, J. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4419372/v1
Fochi, R. A., Ruiz, T. F. R., de Jesus, M. M., de Azevedo, L. R., Falleiros‐Júnior, L. R., Campos, S. G. P., Góes, R. M., Oliani, S. M., Vilamaior, P. S. L., & Taboga, S. R. (2024) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-024-00450-x
Circadian rhythms and sleep in aging: Impact on 24-hour hormonal profiles
Spiegel, K., Caufriez, A., & Copinschi, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00097-2
Bastien, C., Ellis, J. G., Lambert-Beaudet, F., Provençal, A. R., & Rostami, E. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.18
Watanabe, R., Ikeda, A., Charvat, H., Sato, S., Suzuki, Y., Maruyama, K., Tomooka, K., Wada, H., Koyama, Y., & Tanigawa, T. (2025) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.24-00399
Stress and Affective Dysregulation in Depression and Insomnia
Vargas, I., Walker, J. L., Campbell, R. L., & Veilleux, J. C. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92265-7_4
Fabbri, M., Mirolli, M., & Martoni, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111196
Insomnia and cardiometabolic disease risk
Fernández‐Mendoza, J., & Nyhuis, C. C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00047-4
Insufficient sleep and cardiovascular disease risk
Javaheri, S., Fashanu, O., & Redline, S. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00030-9
Objective sleepiness without a subjective complaint decreases hypertension risk
Athanasiou, N., Pejovic, S., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Li, Y., He, F., Trakada, G., Bixler, E. O., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf394
Role of Sleep Disturbances and Diabetes‐Related Distress on Glycemic Control: A Path Analysis
Jeon, B., Luyster, F. S., & Chasens, E. R. (2025) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.70047
Peng, J., Yuan, S., Wei, Z., Liu, C., Li, K., Wei, X., Yuan, S., Guo, Z., Wu, L., Feng, T., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699663
Emotional exhaustion predicts poor sleep quality among orthopedic nurses: a cross-sectional study
Tan, J., Lei, L., & Liu, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1711331
Jessa Landmann, N. D. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394381401.ch14
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Nicolaides, N. C., Hatziagapiou, K., & Chrousos, G. P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00315-0
Marini, M., Chieca, M., Coppi, E., Montini, M., Bonacchi, L., Landini, L., Scuffi, I., Kwan, K. Y., Papini, A., Siena, G. D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705765
Bao, Y., Liang, B., Dong, Y., & Wang, R. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605261429208
Manque de sommeil et maladies métaboliques
Guyon, A. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7335d3efz7b92z4c08z8e32z2fe58a54983e
Les troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents libanais
Chahoud, M. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/779271ccz032dz4465za5cbzd1a20fe6945e
Moon, J., Jeon, S., Jung, S., & Cho, S. J. (2026) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2026.41.e199
Xie, Q., Zhu, Y. U. N. L. O. N., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Zhao, M., Lan, Y., 全小珍, & Yang, X. (2026) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-026-04508-w
Earth Vertical Motions Disrupt Sleep and Next Day Performance
Kainec, K. A., Ludwig, A., Boltz, M., Oas, J. G., Caldwell, J. L., & Merfeld, D. M. (2026) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s587819
Gou, F., Zhang, M., Ma, X., Dang, L., Zhang, Y., Tian, X., & Gu, L. (2026) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2666693
Cui, X., Lin, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, X., & 梁骊敏 (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10757-0
Network pharmacological analysis of dyssomnias and Litsea pungens Hemsl.
Liao, Q., Si, J., Hu, J.-J., You, K., Wang, T.-H., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Integrate Medicine · doi:10.61958/imwa5181
Insomnia and women: exploring vulnerability, impact, and intervention
Kim, H. R., Kim, S. I., Jeong, S., Jeong, S., Ahn, S. H., Jeong, E., & Kim, S. (2026) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-026-03704-0
Inhibitory control deficits in insomnia with objective short sleep duration
Zhang, H., Lv, Z., & Lei, X. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09591-8
Zhao, F., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Fu, E., Zhu, S., Yu, L., Xu, H., Li, Q., Li, Q., Zhang, P., et al. (2026) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s608376
Li, S. X., Long, Q., Huang, D., & Mao, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1835178
Sleep, Neural Circulatory Control, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mechanistic Review
Karim, S., Khan, S., & Somers, V. K. (2026) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.125.324076 · Cited by 2
Clock gene signature predicts insomnia and links to sleep/circadian parameters
Carvalhas-Almeida, C., Alves, J., Davi, T., Santos, B., Gaspar, L. S., Ribeiro, R. F. N., Serra, J., Ferreira, M., Moita, J. J., Sehgal, A., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04183-3 · Cited by 1
Zheng, Y., Åkerstedt, T., Lagerros, Y. T., Miley-Åkerstedt, A., Adami, H., Ye, W., Pei, J.-J., Tan, X. W., & Wang, H.-X. (2026) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-026-01426-x
Sleep Disorders in Pelvic and Women’s Health
Özkutlu, Ö., & İnal, Ö. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-28741-0_25
Circadian–immune crosstalk in insomnia disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Huang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1881195 · Cited by 1
Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Tan, J., Si, W., Liu, H. F., Huang, Y., Li, Y., & Xiao, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1884632
Afrifa‐Yamoah, E., Peprah‐Yamoah, E., Opoku‐Yamoah, V., & Adua, E. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10339519/v1
Xiao, Y., Wang, Y., Hu, L., Qiu, J., Tan, X., Zhu, Y., Li, F., & Long, W. (2026) · Vessel Plus · doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2026.29
Gao, J., Wang, K., Gao, R., Xu, G., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Andrologia · doi:10.1155/and/6635623
Dai, Y., Vgontzas, A. N., Wu, J., Chen, B., Zhou, B., Barnet, J. H., Ravelo, L. A., Peppard, P. E., & Li, Y. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag216 · Cited by 1
Liu, L., Zhou, H.-J., Li, H.-C., Li, M.-Z., Sun, Y.-L., Zhu, J.-W., Wu, J.-L., Lu, M.-L., Yu, Y., Han, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1850738
Insomnia and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: Current Evidence
Frolek, P., Deshmukh, A. J., Layton, M. M., & Covassin, N. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00391-x
Yu, L., Li, S., & Kim, J. E. (2026) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuag118
Role of the Amygdala in the Complex Relationship Between Sleep and Anxiety
Grzybowski, F., Kaczmarski, P., Strzelecki, D., Wysokiński, A., Białasiewicz, P., & Gabryelska, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177814
Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia
Marsella, J. L., & Cuddihy, L. J. (2026) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2026.07.009
Rohr, K. E., Schaffer, C. B., Schaffer, L. C., NORDAHL, T. E., Shih, P.-A. B., Kelsoe, J. R., & McCarthy, M. J. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70187
Insomnia symptom severity predicts blunted cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor
Vargas, I., Dickens, H., Vance, A., Floyd, V., Walker, J. L., Egeler, M. E., Assar, A., Joslin, M. D. M., & Makhanova, A. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.108033
Wang, D., Wang, X., Wang, W., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2026.1923070
How Artificial Intelligence Is Uncovering Distinct Insomnia Phenotypes
BaHammam, A. S. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2026.08.009
Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia.
(2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 109
(2006) · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Lin, H.-M., Prolo, P., Mastorakos, G., Vela-Bueno, A., Kales, A., & Chrousos, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Department of Psychiatry (A.V.-B.), Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain 28003
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vgontzas, Alexandros N.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2001-08-01
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3787-3794
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1999790218
- Cited by
- 884
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 26.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- chronic insomnia, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH, cortisol, circadian rhythm, hyperarousal, sleep disorders, sleep latency, anxiety, depression, neuroendocrine activation, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Reference Values, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Body Mass Index, Area Under Curve, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
