The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Blood pressure and dementia: What the SPRINT-MIND trial adds and what we still need to know
Open accessAbstract
High blood pressure (BP) has been associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, stroke, and Alzheimer disease pathology. Epidemiologic studies are consistent in showing that high BP, particularly in midlife, is a risk factor for the development of dementia in late life. However, supporting randomized evidence of the inference that BP-lowering therapy can prevent dementia has been slow in coming over the last 30 years. The most recent randomized trial, the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial—Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT-MIND), therefore, makes a pivotal contribution to the field, reemphasizing broader public health benefits of BP lowering and directing future research.1
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any drug to lower blood pressure and reported a reduction in risk of around 10% at marginal significance (RR 0·9, 95% CI 0·9–1·0).”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Four meta-analyses of blood pressure medications to lower high blood pressure with six studies overlap have provided combined estimates of effects. All meta-analyses suggest reduced dementia in those in the interventions arms for outcomes of any dementia as well as clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease.”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-regression showed risk lowered more if the achieved systolic pressure differential was larger between the intervention and control group.”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE)
Lithell, H., Hansson, L., Skoog, I. G., Elmfeldt, D., Albert Hofman, D., Olofsson, B., Trenkwalder, P., & Zanchetti, A. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200305000-00011 · Cited by 1,419
Williamson (2019) · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.21442 · Cited by 1,246
(2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.9.1069 · Cited by 988
Peters, R., Beckett, N., Forette, F., Tuomilehto, J., Clarke, R., Ritchie, C., Waldman, A., Walton, I., Poulter, R., Ma, S., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70143-1 · Cited by 770
Self-citationDiener, H.-C., Sacco, R. L., Yusuf, S., Cotton, D., Ôunpuu, S., Lawton, W. A., Palesch, Y., Martin, R. H., Albers, G. W., Bath, P., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70198-4 · Cited by 359
Ninomiya, T., Zoungas, S., Neal, B. C., Woodward, M., Patel, A. A., Perkovic, V., Cass, A., Cooper, M. E., Grobbee, D. E., Hamet, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328338a89c · Cited by 57
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430
RetractedHughes, D., Judge, C., Murphy, R., Loughlin, E., Costello, M., Whiteley, W., Bosch, J., O’Donnell, M. J., & Canavan, M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4249 · Cited by 472
Prevention of dementia in an ageing world: Evidence and biological rationale
Grande, G., Qiu, C., & Fratiglioni, L. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101045 · Cited by 229
Hypertension and Cognitive Impairment: A Review of Mechanisms and Key Concepts
Canavan, M. D., & O'Donnell, M. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.821135 · Cited by 180
Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension (2024 revision)
Wang, J. (2025) · 老年心脏病学杂志:英文版 · doi:10.26599/1671-5411.2025.01.008 · Cited by 170
Blood pressure lowering and prevention of dementia: an individual patient data meta-analysis
Peters, R., Xu, Y., Fitzgerald, O., Aung, H. L., Beckett, N., Bulpitt, C., Chalmers, J., Forette, F., Gong, J., Harris, K., et al. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac584 · Cited by 142
Self-citationShared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Nordestgaard, L. T., Christoffersen, M., & Frikke‐Schmidt, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23179777 · Cited by 128
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: Mechanisms, treatment, and future directions
Mok, V., Cai, Y., & Markus, H. S. (2024) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/17474930241279888 · Cited by 120
Neurovascular Alterations in Vascular Dementia: Emphasis on Risk Factors
Lecordier, S., Manrique‐Castano, D., Moghrabi, Y. E., & ElAli, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.727590 · Cited by 78
Blood Pressure Management in Stroke
Gorelick, P. B., Whelton, P. K., Sorond, F., & Carey, R. M. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14653 · Cited by 82
Blood Pressure and Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Levine, D. A., Springer, M. V., & Brodtmann, A. G. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.036140 · Cited by 63
Stephen, R., Barbera, M., Peters, R. K., Ee, N., Zheng, L., Lehtisalo, J., Kulmala, J., Håkansson, K., Chowdhary, N., Dua, T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.763573 · Cited by 58
Self-citationHypertension-related risk for dementia: A summary review with future directions
Daugherty, A. M. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.002 · Cited by 49
Cunningham, E. L., Todd, S. A., Passmore, P., Bullock, R., & McGuinness, B. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004034.pub4 · Cited by 45
Mulligan, M. D., Murphy, R., Reddin, C., Judge, C. S., Ferguson, J. P., Alvarez‐Iglesias, A., McGrath, E. R., & O'Donnell, M. J. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102012 · Cited by 39
Hypertension and Stroke as Mediators of Air Pollution Exposure and Incident Dementia
Zhang, B., Langa, K. M., Weuve, J., D’Souza, J. C., Szpiro, A. A., Faul, J. D., de Leon, C. F. M., Kaufman, J. D., Lisabeth, L. D., Hirth, R. A., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33470 · Cited by 38
Mahinrad, S., Sorond, F. A., & Gorelick, P. B. (2021) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2204148 · Cited by 34
Dallaire‐Théroux, C., Quesnel‐Olivo, M., Brochu, K., Bergeron, F., O'Connor, S. E., Turgeon, A. F., Laforce, R. J., Verreault, S., Camden, M., & Duchesne, S. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34553 · Cited by 29
Current and Future Treatments of Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Ip, B. Y. M., Ko, H., Lam, B. Y. K., Au, L. W. C., Lau, A. Y. L., Huang, J., Kwok, A. J., Leng, X., Cai, Y., Leung, T. W. H., et al. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.044174 · Cited by 27
Dementia Prevention in Clinical Practice
Niotis, K., Akiyoshi, K., Carlton, C., & Isaacson, R. (2022) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759580 · Cited by 26
Pajewski, N. M., Elahi, F. M., Tamura, M. K., Hinman, J. D., Nasrallah, I. M., Ix, J. H., Miller, L. M., Launer, L. J., Wright, C. B., Supiano, M. A., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12496 · Cited by 24
The Role of Vascular Risk Factors in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia and Prospects for Prevention
Mahinrad, S., Sorond, F. A., & Gorelick, P. B. (2022) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2022.07.007 · Cited by 25
Blood Pressure, Brain Volume and White Matter Hyperintensities, and Dementia Risk
Prabhakaran, S. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.10849 · Cited by 22
Akushevich, I. V., Kolpakov, S. A., Yashkin, A. P., & Kravchenko, J. S. (2022) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpac063 · Cited by 21
Evidence for the Universal Blood Pressure Goal of <130/80 mm Hg Is Strong
Kaul, S. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14648 · Cited by 20
Antihypertensive medications ameliorate Alzheimer's disease pathology by slowing its propagation
Affleck, A. J., Sachdev, P. S., Stevens, J., & Halliday, G. M. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12060 · Cited by 20
Gaussoin, S. A., Pajewski, N. M., Chelune, G. J., Cleveland, M. L., Crowe, M. G., Launer, L. J., Lerner, A. J., Martindale-Adams, J. L., Nichols, L. O., Ogrocki, P. K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.17583 · Cited by 17
Hypertension in the older person: is age just a number?
Karayiannis, C. (2022) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15949 · Cited by 28
Peters, R. K., Breitner, J. C. S., James, S., Jicha, G. A., Meyer, P., Richards, M., Smith, A. D., Yassine, H. N., Abner, E. L., Hainsworth, A. H., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12202 · Cited by 19
Self-citationZhang, H., Tian, W., Qi, G., & Sun, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1024627 · Cited by 17
Wilson, N., Peters, R. K., Lautenschlager, N. T., & Anstey, K. J. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01219-4 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSecondary Prevention of Dementia: Combining Risk Factors and Scalable Screening Technology
Ojakäär, T., & Koychev, I. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.772836 · Cited by 12
Beyond cardiovascular medicine: potential future uses of icosapent ethyl
Bhatt, D. L., Hull, M. A., Song, M., Hulle, C. V., Carlsson, C. M., Chapman, M. J., & Toth, P. P. (2020) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suaa119 · Cited by 14
Zuo, L., Dong, Y., Liao, X., Pan, Y., Xiang, X., Meng, X., Li, H., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14453 · Cited by 11
Huang, Y., Zheng, H., Tan, K., Sun, X., Ye, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756286420947973 · Cited by 11
Wright, J. R., Deen, Q. F. E., Stevenson, A. J., Telford‐Cooke, L., Parker, C., Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Steinert, J. R., Kalaria, R. N., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220642 · Cited by 11
Blood Pressure Targets for Older Patients—Do Advanced Age and Frailty Really Not Matter?
Giffin, A., Madden, K. M., & Hogan, D. B. (2020) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.23.429 · Cited by 11
Advancing dementia prevention through effective blood pressure control
Peters, R. K., & Anderson, C. S. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30407-7 · Cited by 10
Self-citationHestad, K. A., Engedal, K., Horndalsveen, P. O., & Strand, B. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00257 · Cited by 11
Cognitive function in SPRINT: where do we go next?
Gorelick, P. B., & Sorond, F. A. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30356-2 · Cited by 10
Pinto, R. D., Grassi, D., Bocale, R., Carubbi, F., Ferri, C., & Desideri, G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10153243 · Cited by 9
Treating Hypertension: Important for Heart Health, Fundamental for Brain Health
Singh, S., Senff, J. R., van Duijn, C. M., & Rosand, J. M. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.046179 · Cited by 9
Patients asking about APOE gene test results? Here’s what to tell them
Stites (2022) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0397 · Cited by 7
Proportion of Dementia Explained by Five Key Factors in Jamaica
Ashby-Mitchell, K., Willie-Tyndale, D., & Eldemire‐Shearer, D. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200601 · Cited by 8
Kuller, L. H., Snitz, B. E., Hughes, T. M., Chang, Y., Cohen, A. D., Mathis, C. A., Aizenstein, H. J., & López, O. L. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12493 · Cited by 6
Nakagomi, A., Shiba, K., Ueno, T., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. I. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106757 · Cited by 6
Dementia risk across blood pressure categories: a South Korean nationwide study
Jung, Y. H., Kim, J., Han, K., Lee, J., Cheon, D. Y., Lim, J., & Lee, M. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf840 · Cited by 5
What have clinical trials taught us about brain health?
Lee, K., & Bae, H. (2023) · Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100199 · Cited by 5
The Relation Between Arterial Hypertension and Cognitive Impairment: A Literature Review
Salazar, G. Z., Zúñiga, D., Balasubramanian, S., Mehmood, K. T., & AL-Baldawi, S. A. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.52782 · Cited by 8
Nordestgaard, L. T., Luo, J., Emanuelsson, F., Leyden, G. M., Sanderson, E. C. M., Smith, G. D., Christoffersen, M., Afzal, S., Benn, M., Nordestgaard, B. G., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf662 · Cited by 4
Shah, C., Srinivasan, D., Erus, G., Tamura, M. K., Habes, M., Detre, J. A., Haley, W. E., Lerner, A. J., Wright, C. B., Wright, J. T., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a7852 · Cited by 4
Xu, Y. H., Aung, H. L., Bateman, R. J., Brooks, W. S., Chhatwal, J. P., Day, G. S., Fagan, A. M., Farlow, M. R., Gordon, B. A., Kehoe, P. G., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13082 · Cited by 4
Self-citationYan, S., Liu, L., Fang, G., Weng, S.-T., Wang, J.-J., Cheng, L., Mo, Y., Lai, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T.-Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2308143 · Cited by 3
Gottesman, R. F. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.042827 · Cited by 3
Deprescribing Antihypertensive Medication in Elderly Adults—Reply
Sheppard, J. P., Mant, J., & McManus, R. J. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16441 · Cited by 3
Obesity, Hypertension and Brain Health
Qureshi, K., Schick, J., Anderson, T. R., Farooq, M. U., & Gorelick, P. B. (2025) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-025-01343-6 · Cited by 2
Carcel, C., Clancy, L., Harris, K., Peters, R. K., Byrne, A., Bassett, K., Freed, R., Hoyos, C. M., Rodgers, A., Lindley, R. I., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080862 · Cited by 1
Self-citationXu, Y. H., McFall, G. P., Rydén, L., Skoog, J., Chang, E., Cysique, L. A., Harris, K., Kedwell, S., Lim, M. L., Anstey, K. J., et al. (2024) · Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100375 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRamakrishnan, M., Gronseth, G., & Gupta, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.33696/cardiology.2.014
Walle‐Hansen, M. M., Berge, T., Vigen, T., Myrstad, M., Hagberg, G., Ihle‐Hansen, H., Sandset, E. C., Thommessen, B., Ariansen, I., Lyngbakken, M. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003312
Hypertension and small vessel disease: do the drugs work?
Nash, P. S., Simister, R. J., Wheeler, D. C., & Werring, D. J. (2023) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2023.0092
Liu, W., Zhao, Y., Rao, Y., Wu, Z., Peng, Y. F., & Gong, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1514054
Cognitive risks in arterial hypertension: From mechanisms to prevention
Titova, N., & Bezdolny, Y. N. (2025) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2025-320
Wilson, N.-A., Peters, R., Lautenschlager, N. T., & Anstey, K. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22618435
Self-citationTian, S., Zong, W., Zeng, Z., Wang, J., Niu, Q., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., & Li, B. (2026) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/8877510
Antihypertensive medications and risk of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for specific medication use
Laurido-Soto, O., Camacho‐Soto, A., Faust, I. M., Beyene, K. M., Katz, A. J., Killion, J. A., & Racette, B. A. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70242
Lv, X., Lv, S., & Zhou, X. (2026) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/00033197261435395
Freire‐Flores, D., Ramos‐Henderson, M., Burgos, H., & Carvallo, C. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261462138
Metadata
- Authors
- Peters, R., Warwick, J., Anstey, K. J., & Anderson, C. S.
- Affiliations
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2019-05-21
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1017-1018
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2940519437
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 8.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- DRYAD (public-domain)
- Funders
- Amgen
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (PDF-2012-05-197)
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Institute for Dementia Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- blood pressure, hypertension, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, stroke, midlife blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering therapy, dementia prevention, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Dementia, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review