MRI assessment of human callosal surgery with neuropsychological correlates
Abstract
MRI imaging using recovery and spin-echo techniques was carried out on three patients after surgical section of the corpus callosum to control intractable epilepsy. The scans revealed that the total callosotomy had been obtained in two patients, while partial sparing of splenial and rostral fibers was seen in the third.
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The left hemisphere possesses the capacity to 'interpret' the actions produced by both hemispheres.
“In general terms, the left hemisphere appears to be dominant in terms of language and speech functions and to possess the capacity to 'interpret' the actions produced by both hemispheres.”
From Collaboration between the hemispheres of a callosotomy patient: Emerging right hemisphere speech and the left hemisphere interpreter (1996) · cites this paper as Gazzaniga et al., 1985
There is substantial data to support the existence of a left hemisphere interpreter.
“There is substantial data to support the existence of a left hemisphere interpreter (Gazzaniga et al., 1985;Gazzaniga, 1995;Phelps and Gazzaniga, 1992;Metcalfe et al., 1995).”
From Collaboration between the hemispheres of a callosotomy patient: Emerging right hemisphere speech and the left hemisphere interpreter (1996) · cites this paper as Gazzaniga et al., 1985
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“JW’s right hemisphere can successfully process simple verbal commands, and his case has been characterized in previous reports (Gazzaniga et al. 1985).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCallosotomy patients exhibit temporal uncoupling during continuous bimanual movements
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“MRI has confirmed complete resection of callosal fibers for J”
BackgroundThe disconnection syndrome: Basic findings reaffirmed
Seymour, S. E., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.105 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“His MR scan demonstrates a complete section of the corpus callosum (Gazzaniga et al., 1985).”
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Tuller, B., & Kelso, J. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00247936 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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Cerebrally Lateralized Mental Representations of Hand Shape and Movement
Parsons, L. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Phelps, E. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-16-06539.1998 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationEliassen, J. C. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.12.2501 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“J.W. had MRI-verified complete callosotomy with no sparing (Gazzaniga et al., 1985).”
Self-citationInterhemispheric neural summation in the absence of the corpus callosum.
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“is a man who underwent a two-stage surgical section of the corpus callosum in 1979 for the relief of intractable epilepsy; his anterior commissure was left intact (Gazzaniga et al., 1985).”
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Self-citationDissociating processes supporting causal perception and causal inference in the brain
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Self-citationPerceptual and attentional processes following callosal section in humans.
Gazzaniga, M. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90048-0 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationHemispheric asymmetries for simple visual judgments in the split brain.
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“MRI scans acquired 5 years later confirmed the completeness of J.W.'s callosal section, but revealed some spared fibers in the rostrum of V.P.'s corpus callosum [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSplit brain: divided perception but undivided consciousness
Pinto, Y., Neville, D., Otten, M., Corballis, P., Lamme, V., de Haan, E. D., Foschi, N., & Fabri, M. (2017) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/aww358 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“How should these results be compared to our classic textbook knowledge of the split-brain phenomenon? It is unlikely that our results can be explained by the anterior and posterior commissure still being (somewhat) intact, as this was also the case for many of the previously tested patients, and this did not seem to p…”
ResultInsights into the functional specificity of the human corpus callosum.
Funnell, M. G., Corballis, P., & Gazzaniga, M. (2000) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/123.5.920 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Gazzaniga MS, Kutas M, Van Petten C, Fendrich R. Human callosalAcknowledgements function: MRI-verified neuropsychological functions.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCovert Orienting in the Split Brain Reveals Hemispheric Specialization for Object-Based Attention
Egly, R., Rafal, R., Driver, J., & Starrveveld, Y. (1994) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00289.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Frey, S., Funnell, M. G., Gerry, V., & Gazzaniga, M. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053124974 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationNasotemporal overlap at the retinal vertical meridian: investigations with a callosotomy patient.
Fendrich, R., Wessinger, C., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00155-7 · Cited by 70
Self-citationCompleteness of callosotomy shown by magnetic resonance imaging in the long term.
Bogen, J., Schultz, D. H., & Vogel, P. (1988) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520350041013 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cortical and subcortical interhemispheric interactions following partial and complete callosotomy.
Funnell, M. G., Corballis, P., & Gazzaniga, M. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.185 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationInterhemispheric neural summation in the split brain with symmetrical and asymmetrical displays.
Roser, M. E., & Corballis, M. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00219-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The details of these two subjects' neurological profiles can be found in Gazzaniga et al. [15].”
Johnson, S. H., Corballis, P., & Gazzaniga, M. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00096-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationUnilateral medial temporal lobe memory impairment: type deficit, function deficit, or both?
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“Magnetic resonance (MR) brain scans of three of these subjects are presented elsewhere ([15, 38]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCorballis, P., Fendrich, R., Shapley, R., & Gazzaniga, M. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563535 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Magnetic resonance imaging has revealed some spared abers in the splenium and rostrum of the corpus callosum, although it appears that there is little or no transfer of visual information between the hemispheres (Funnell, Corballis, & Gazzaniga, unpublished data; Gazzaniga et al., 1984).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOrder in Time: How the Cooperation Between the Hands Informs the Design of the Brain
Kelso, J. A. S., & Deguzman, G. (1988) · Springer series in synergetics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74119-7_13 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pain perception in a man with total corpus callosum transection
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Self-citationLanguage and Reading in the Right Hemisphere: Highways or Byways of the Brain?
Baynes, K. (1990) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1990.2.3.159 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gazzaniga, M. S., Eliassen, J. C., Nisenson, L., Wessinger, C. M., Fendrich, R., & Baynes, K. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.4.1255 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“There is substantial data to support the existence of a left hemisphere interpreter (Gazzaniga et al., 1985; Gazzaniga, 1995; Phelps and Gazzaniga, 1992; Metcalfe et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReading with a limited lexicon in the right hemisphere of a callosotomy patient.
Baynes, K., Tramo, M., & Gazzaniga, M. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90027-j · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Split-Brain Phenomenon Revisited: A Single Conscious Agent with Split Perception
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“…13 Extent: corpus callosum [126,127] Yes [6] Mixed [7,128] M.E. Age: 19 Extent: corpus callosum [136] No [136] J.W. Age: 26 Extent: corpus callosum [137] Yes [1] No [16,138,139] Mixed [132] Yes [140] No [141] Mixed [132] No [142] Yes, visual search [18,19] Yes, object-based attention [16,17] Yes,…”
Tonic and atonic seizures: What’s next—VNS or callosotomy?
Rosenfeld, W. E., & Roberts, D. W. (2009) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02232.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Through the same period, neuropsychological studies of the commissurotomy patient generated great interest in the bihemispheric organization of the brain (Gazzaniga et al., 1985; Lassonde et al., 1986; Sass et al., 1988; Corballis et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInterhemispheric neural summation in the split brain: effects of stimulus colour and task.
Roser, M. E., & Corballis, M. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00290-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The details of these two subjects’ neurological profiles can be found in Gazzaniga et al. [ 12 ].”
BackgroundNumerical processing in the two hemispheres: studies of a split-brain patient.
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Self-citationA deficit in perceptual matching in the left hemisphere of a callosotomy patient.
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“Further details of his neurological profile can be found in Gazzaniga, Holzman, Deck and Lee [ 16 ].”
Self-citationMusical priming by the right hemisphere post-callosotomy.
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Alexithymia-like Disorder in Right Anterior Cingulate Infarction
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“Apparently both cerebral hemispheres have to interact for the subjective control of behavior, since split-brain patients are impaired in the integration of planned action, moods and thoughts ( Gazzaniga, Holtzman, & Deck, 1985 ).”
BackgroundNow you see it, now you don't: variable hemineglect in a commissurotomized man.
Corballis, M., Corballis, P., Fabri, M., Paggi, A., & Manzoni, T. (2005) · Brain research. Cognitive brain research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“[16].”
Temporal discrimination in the split brain
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Self-citationParental Assessment of Functional Outcome After Corpus Callosotomy
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Self-citationHemispheric processing of spatial frequencies in two commissurotomy patients.
Fendrich, R., & Gazzaniga, M. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90120-d · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCorpus callosum: microsurgical anatomy and MRI
Gonçalves-Ferreira, A., Herculano-Carvalho, M., Melancia, J., Farias, J. P., & Gomes, L. (2002) · Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy · doi:10.1007/s00276-001-0409-z · Cited by 28
“Corpus callosotomy is now widely and safely performed with few minor complications [3, 6, 7, 19].”
BackgroundJang, S., Lee, J., Yeo, S., & Chang, M. (2013) · Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.10.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bimanual Recoupling by Visual Cueing in Callosal Disconnection
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“In our patient, we provided evidence by paired-pulse TMS that the bimanual coordination deficit resulted from a callosal disconnection resembling split brain patients (Gazzaniga et al., 1985).”
MethodBinocular rivalry in split-brain observers.
O'Shea, R. P., & Corballis, P. (2003) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/3.10.3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Further details of their neurological histories are reported by Gazzaniga et al. (1985). We tested six intact-brain observers including us, all right handed, aged from 21 to 46 years.”
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Proportional anterior commissure area in humans and monkeys
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Self-citationSpeech without conscious awareness
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“On left field trials, however, even though he remained accurate at naming the stimuli, he gave high confidence ratings (10) only half the time (17/32).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffect of luminance on successiveness discrimination in the absence of the corpus callosum.
Forster, B., Corballis, P., & Corballis, M. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00087-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging after corpus callosotomy
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The calculating hemispheres: studies of a split-brain patient.
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“Complete sectioning of the corpus callosum has been confirmed by MRI ( Gazzaniga, Holtzman, Deck, & Lee, 1985 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVisual grouping on binocular rivalry in a split-brain observer.
O'Shea, R. P., & Corballis, P. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.08.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Our split-brain observer was the well-studied JW ( Gazzaniga, Holzman, Deck, & Lee, 1985 ).”
Interhemispheric visual matching in the split brain.
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Brain mechanisms and conscious experience.
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Self-citationBinocular Rivalry between Complex Stimuli in Split-Brain Observers
O'Shea, R. P., & Corballis, P. (2001) · doi:10.1023/a:1017989820832 · Cited by 19
“Details of her medical history and neurological status can be found in Gazzaniga et al. (1985) .”
BackgroundInfluentialBidirectional control of saccadic eye movements by the disconnected cerebral hemispheres
Hughes, H. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P., Fendrich, R., & Gazzaniga, M. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00231667 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The completeness of this section has been confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance scans (Gazzaniga et al. 1985).”
MethodSelf-citationAssociation of a tumor necrosis factor α polymorphism with MS susceptibility
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“Further details of the neurological status of these patients are available elsewhere (see Gazzaniga, Holtzman, Deck, & Lee, 1985, for more on J.W., and Fabri et al., 1999, for more on D.D.V.).”
BackgroundMemory Encoding Following Complete Callosotomy
Jha, A. P., Kroll, N. E. A., Baynes, K., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.143 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“His mother describes this phenomenon by saying “he has a lazy memory.” JW has been studied extensively over the past 14 years on a variety of perceptual, cognitive, and attentional tests (e.g., Gazzaniga, 1989 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCommentary on “Freudian Dream Theory, Dream Bizarreness, and the Disguise-Censor Controversy”
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An evidence-based critical review of the mind-brain identity theory
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“The truth, however, is that in several cases, the complete sectioning was performed and even confirmed by MRI imaging or radiological means (Gazzaniga, 1985).”
BackgroundBinocular rivalry in the divided brain
O'Shea, R. P., & Corballis, P. (2005) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1605.003.0018 · Cited by 10
“Our split-brain observers are JW and VP ( Gazzaniga et al., 1985 ).”
BackgroundNeurological Effects of Callosotomy
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Hemisphere differences in conscious and unconscious word reading.
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Epilepsy and the Corpus Callosum 2
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“net Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), allows for threedimensional visualization of CC fibers [12–15].”
BackgroundWesterhausen, R. (2022) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-022-09569-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…description provided in the original publication, or made by referring to additional articles that provide a general description or MR images the included cases (Bogen et al., 1988; P. M. Corballis et al., 2001; Fabri et al., 2017; Fabri et al., 1999; Gazzaniga et al., 1985; Pallini et al., 1995).”
BackgroundHaptic processing by the left hemisphere in a split-brain patient.
Badan, M., & Caramazza, A. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00051-1 · Cited by 6
Transhemispheric Horizontal Channels for Transmission of Epileptic Information
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Risk factors for Guillain‐Barré syndrome
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Brain and Cognition: Some New Technologies,
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Eye rivalry and object rivalry in the intact and split-brain
Ritchie, K. L., Bannerman, R. L., Turk, D. J., & Sahraie, A. (2013) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.08.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It has been reported that there is some sparing of fibres in VP’s anterior commissure and in the genu of the corpus callosum (Corballis et al., 2001; Gazzaniga et al., 1985).”
Kaga, K., Shindo, M., Gotoh, O., & Tamura, A. (2005) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/bf01128874 · Cited by 4
“After the advent of magnet ic resonance imaging (MRI), and extinction of the left ear by the dichotic listening or speech test has been repor ted wi th reference to the lesions in the corpus cal losum (Gazzaniga et al. 1985; Sugishita et al. 1985; Alexander and Warren 1988; M u s i e k a n d R e e v e s 1986).”
BackgroundNo disconnection syndrome after near-complete callosotomy
Bekir, S., Hopf, J. L., Paul, T., Wiemer, V. M., Santander, T., Skinner, H. E., Rada, A., Woermann, F., Kalbhenn, T., Giesbrecht, B., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00377-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral Hemorrhage Restricted to the Corpus Callosum
Kasahara, T., Toyokura, M., Shimoda, N., & Ishida, A. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000159976.19243.86 · Cited by 2
“A variety of causes of callosal damage have been reported and include cerebral infarction in the area of the anterior cerebral artery, hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm of an arteriovenous malformation,(1) brain tumors,(2,3) Marchiafava-Bignami disease,(2) moyamoya disease,(4) multiple sclerosis,(5) and surgical sec…”
BackgroundThe History of Neuroscience in AutobiographyVolume 7
Squire, L. R. (2011) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396133.001.0001 · Cited by 2
Roberts, D. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118936979.ch70
Squire, L. R. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396133.003.0003
Commentary on “Freudian Dream Theory, Dream Bizarreness, and the Disguise-Censor Controversy”
Yu, C. (2006) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2006.10773512
Band Power Tuning of Primary Motor Cortex EEG for Continuous Bimanual Movements
Tellamekala, M., & Rafi, S. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3376-6_16
La simbiosis neurocirugía-psicología en el origen de la neuropsicología clínica
Junqué, C., & Mataró, M. (2000) · Neurocirugía · doi:10.1016/s1130-1473(00)70741-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gazzaniga, M. S., Holtzman, J. D., Deck, M. D. F., & Lee, B. C. P.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1985-12
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1763-1763
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W1967901084
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2p01ns017778-13, 5p50ns003346-28)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2 PO1 NS17778-03, 2 P50 NS03346-24)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- corpus callosotomy, corpus callosum, drug-resistant epilepsy, neuropsychological outcomes, postoperative MRI, recovery time, spin-echo imaging
- MeSH terms
- Corpus Callosum, Epilepsy, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Psychological Tests, Visual Perception
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